Python tuple program to add row-wise elements in Tuple Matrix

This Python tuple program will add a tuple of values as row-wise elements in the tuple matrix.

Input:
A = [[(‘sqa’, 4)], [(‘tools’, 8)]]
B = (3,6)

Output:
[[(‘sqa’, 4,3)], [(‘tools’, 8,6)]]

				
					var_a = [[('sqa', 4)], [('tools', 8)]]
var_b = (3, 6)
print("Input A : ", var_a)
print("Input B : ", var_b)

output = []

# initiate a loop till length of var_a
for i in range(len(var_a)):
    # get tuple value with the help of indexing of var_a and connvert into list
    l1 = list(var_a[i][0])
    # check if value of i is less than length of var_b
    if i < len(var_b):
        # append new value to the list
        l1.append(var_b[i])
    # now convert list into tuple and append to output list
    output.append([tuple(l1)])

print(output)

Output:

				
					Input A :  [[('sqa', 4)], [('tools', 8)]]
Input B :  (3, 6)

Output : 
[[('sqa', 4, 3)], [('tools', 8, 6)]]

Handle Iframes In Selenium

To handle iframes in Selenium using Python, you need to switch the WebDriver’s context to the iframe first using the switch_to.frame() method. Here is a basic guide on working with iframes:

Example Code

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
import time

# launch Chrome browser
driver = webdriver.Chrome()

# navigate to a page with an iframe
driver.get("https://www.globalsqa.com/demo-site/frames-and-windows/#iFrame")

# get iframe web element
iframe_element = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//iframe[@name='globalSqa']")

# switch to iframe with web element
driver.switch_to.frame(iframe_element)

# get web element of header email inside iframe
header_email = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//div[@class='header_mail']")

# get email from web page with text
print(header_email.text)

# switch default main page
driver.switch_to.default_content()

# get Tester web element from default content
tester_hub_elem = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//div[@id='menu']//a[contains(text(),'Tester')]")

# click on menu option
tester_hub_elem.click()

time.sleep(5)
driver.close()

Explanation:

driver.switch_to.frame(“frame_name_or_id”): Switches to an iframe using its name or id attribute.
driver.switch_to.frame(index): Switches to an iframe using its index (0-based).
driver.switch_to.frame(iframe_element): Switches using a WebElement representing the iframe.
driver.switch_to.default_content(): Switches back to the main document from an iframe.

This approach allows you to interact with elements inside the iframe and switch between the main content and other frames when necessary.

Handle Browser Windows/Tabs

To handle browser tabs in Selenium using Python, you can use methods to switch between windows or tabs using their handles. Here’s a guide on how to open a new tab, switch between tabs, and close

Example Code

from selenium import webdriver
import time

# Initialize the WebDriver (e.g., using Chrome)
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.implicitly_wait(10)

# Open the first URL
driver.get("https://www.facebook.com")
print("Current tab URL:", driver.current_url)

# Save the original window handle
original_tab = driver.current_window_handle

# Open a new tab using JavaScript (useful for browsers like Chrome)
driver.execute_script("window.open('https://www.google.com', '_blank');")

# Get the list of all window handles (tabs)
window_handles = driver.window_handles
print("All window handles:", window_handles)

# Switch to the new tab
driver.switch_to.window(window_handles[1])
print("Switched to new tab URL:", driver.current_url)

# Pause for a few seconds (optional)
time.sleep(2)
# close google page
driver.close()

# Switch back to the original tab
driver.switch_to.window(original_tab)
print("Switched back to original tab URL:", driver.current_url)

time.sleep(2)

# Close the browser
driver.quit()

Explanation:

driver.window_handles: Returns a list of window handles (IDs) for all the open tabs/windows.
driver.switch_to.window(handle): Switches the WebDriver’s focus to the specified window handle.
driver.execute_script("window.open('URL', '_blank');"): Opens a new tab using JavaScript.
To close a specific tab, you can use driver.close() while the focus is on that tab.

This approach allows you to manage multiple tabs efficiently, such as switching between them or closing specific ones as needed.

Take Screenshot Selenium

To take screenshot using Selenium in Python, you can use the save_screenshot() method or get_screenshot_as_file() method. Here’s how you can do it:

Example Code

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By

# Initialize the WebDriver (e.g., using Chrome)
driver = webdriver.Chrome()

# Navigate to a website
driver.get("https://www.google.com")

# Take a screenshot and save it as a file
screenshot_path = "google_page.png"
driver.save_screenshot(screenshot_path)
# Or driver.get_screenshot_as_file(screenshot_path)

print(f"Screenshot saved at: {screenshot_path}")

search_field = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "q")

# Take a screenshot of the specific element
search_field.screenshot("search_field.png")

# Close the browser
driver.quit()

Explanation:

driver.save_screenshot("filename.png"): Saves a screenshot of the current browser window with the specified filename.
element.screenshot("filename.png"): Saves a screenshot of the specific element with the specified filename.
You can use any valid file path or name as the argument to save the screenshot where you want.

Forward, Back and Refresh Methods

In Selenium with Python, you can use the back(), forward(), and refresh() methods to navigate through browser history and reload pages. Here’s a quick overview of how to use them

Example Code

from selenium import webdriver
import time

# Initialize the WebDriver (e.g., using Chrome)
driver = webdriver.Chrome()

# Navigate to a URL
driver.get("https://www.google.com")
print("Initial URL:", driver.current_url)

# Navigate to another URL
driver.get("https://www.facebook.com")
print("Navigated to:", driver.current_url)

# Go back to the previous page
driver.back()
print("Back to:", driver.current_url)
# Back URL should be www.google.com

# Wait for 2 seconds
time.sleep(2)

# Move forward in the browser history
driver.forward()
print("Forward to:", driver.current_url)
# Move forward url to www.facebook.com

# Wait for 2 seconds
time.sleep(2)

# Refresh the current page ( facebook.com )
driver.refresh()
# Refresh facebook URL
print("Page refreshed at:", driver.current_url)

# Close the browser
driver.quit()

Results:

Initial URL: https://www.google.com/ Navigated to: https://www.facebook.com/ Back to: https://www.google.com/ Forward to: https://www.facebook.com/ Page refreshed at: https://www.facebook.com/

Explanation:

driver.back(): Navigates back to the previous page in the browser history.
driver.forward(): Moves forward in the browser history.
driver.refresh(): Refreshes/reloads the current page.

Get Current URL

To get the current URL in Python using Selenium, you can use the current_url property of the WebDriver instance. Here’s how you can do it:

from selenium import webdriver

# Example using Chrome WebDriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()

# Navigate to a website
driver.get("https://sqatools.in/")

# Get the current URL
current_url = driver.current_url
print("Current URL:", current_url)

# Close the browser
driver.quit()

This will print the current URL of the page that the WebDriver is on.

In Selenium with Python, the get_attribute() method is used to retrieve the value of a specific attribute from an HTML element. This can be particularly useful when you need to access values like href for links, src for images, class, id, or other attributes of HTML elements.

Basic Syntax

element = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, 'your_xpath_here')
attribute_value = element.get_attribute('attribute_name')

Example Usage

Here’s an example of how you might use get_attribute() to get the URL from a link:

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By

# Initialize the WebDriver 
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.implicitly_wait(10)

# Open a webpage
driver.get('https://sqatools.in/')

# Find an element and get its attribute
element = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//a[text()='Python Tutorials']")
href_value = element.get_attribute('href')

print("The link URL is:", href_value)

# Close the WebDriver
driver.quit()

In this example:

driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '//a[text()='Python Tutorials']') locates an element with the XPath specified.
element.get_attribute('href') retrieves the href the attribute value of the located <a> (anchor) element.

Common Use Cases

href for link URLs
src for image URLs
class for CSS class names
id for unique identifiers
data-* attributes for custom data

Pycharm Configurations

PyCharm Installation for Windows OS:

To install PyCharm on a Windows system, first ensure your computer meets the necessary system requirements, including running Windows 10 64-bit or later and having an active internet connection. Begin by downloading the latest version of PyCharm from the official JetBrains website: here Once the download is complete, run the installer and follow the on-screen instructions to complete the installation process. After installation, launch PyCharm, create a new project, and ensure that the appropriate Python interpreter is selected to start your development work.

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PyCharm Installation for MacOS:

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Python Installation & Configuration

Python Installation for MacOS:

To install Python on macOS, ensure your system meets the basic requirements: macOS 10.9 or later with a stable internet connection. Download the latest Python installer from python.org, follow the on-screen instructions, and verify the installation via Terminal. Ensure sufficient storage and admin rights for installation.

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Python Installation for Windows OS:

To install Python on Windows, ensure your system runs Windows 7 or later with an internet connection. Download the latest Python installer from python.org, run the installer, and select “Add Python to PATH.” Follow the on-screen instructions and verify the installation through Command Prompt.

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Get Text Selenium Method

In Selenium with Python, the text method retrieves the visible text from a web element. This is useful when you need to get the content of an element like a <div>, <span>, <p>, or any other HTML tag that contains text.

Example:

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By

# Initialize the WebDriver (this example uses Chrome)
driver = webdriver.Chrome()

# Open a webpage
driver.get("https://sqatools.in/dummy-booking-website/")

# Locate the element containing the header of website
element = driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, "h1")

# Get the heading text from the element
text_content = element.text

# Print the text content
print(text_content)  # Dummy Ticket Booking Website

# Close the browser
driver.quit()

Steps:

Initialize the WebDriver: Start the WebDriver for the browser you want to use.
Navigate to the webpage: Use driver.get() to open the page where the target element is located.
Find the element: Use one of the find_element methods (e.g., find_element(By.ID, By.XPATH, By.CLASS_NAME)) to locate the element.
Retrieve the text: Use the text method on the element to get its visible text.
Display or use the text: The text attribute returns the text as a string, which you can print or use in your logic.

Example using XPath:

element =driver.find_element(By.XPATH,"//div[@class='example-class']")
text_content = element.text
print(text_content)

Important Notes:

The text method only retrieves visible text: If the text is hidden via CSS (display: none;, visibility: hidden;, etc.), Selenium will not retrieve it.
Whitespace handling: The text method preserves the text formatting as it appears in the browser, so you may get extra spaces or line breaks.