Github Interview Questions And Answers

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1. What is GitHub? How is it different from Git?

👉 Answer:

  • Git is a distributed version control system used to track code changes.
  • GitHub is a cloud-based platform that hosts Git repositories and adds collaboration features.

👉 Use Case:
In a team project, developers use Git locally and push code to GitHub for collaboration, reviews, and CI/CD.

2. What is a Repository?

👉 Answer:
A repository (repo) is a storage space for your project that contains code, files, and version history.

👉 Use Case:
You create a repo for a Playwright automation project where all test scripts, configs, and reports are stored.

3. What is the difference between Fork and Clone?

👉 Answer:

  • Fork: Copy of someone else’s repo into your GitHub account.
  • Clone: Copy of a repo to your local machine.

👉 Use Case:

  • Fork: Contributing to open-source.
  • Clone: Working on your team project locally.

4. What is a Branch?

👉 Answer:
A branch is a separate line of development.

👉 Use Case:
You create:

  • main → production code
  • feature/login-test → new feature work

5. What is a Pull Request (PR)?

👉 Answer:
A PR is a request to merge changes from one branch to another.

👉 Use Case:
QA automation engineer raises a PR after adding test cases → Developer reviews → merges into main.

6. What is Merge Conflict?

👉 Answer:
Occurs when Git cannot automatically merge changes.

👉 Use Case:
Two developers modify the same file → conflict → manually resolved before merge.

7. What is GitHub Actions?

👉 Answer:
A CI/CD tool in GitHub used to automate workflows.

👉 Use Case:

  • Run Playwright tests automatically on every PR
  • Deploy app after merge

8. What is .gitignore?

👉 Answer:
A file that specifies which files Git should ignore.

👉 Use Case:
Ignore:

  • node_modules/
  • test-results/
  • .env

9. What is Git Workflow (Branching Strategy)?

👉 Answer:
A process defining how teams use branches.

👉 Common strategies:

  • Git Flow
  • Feature Branch Workflow

👉 Use Case:

  • Create feature branch
  • Push code
  • Raise PR
  • Review → Merge

10. What is Staging in Git?

👉 Answer:
Intermediate area before committing changes.

👉 Commands:

git add .
git commit -m "message"

👉 Use Case:
You selectively add only required files before committing.

11. Difference between Commit and Push?

👉 Answer:

  • Commit: Save changes locally
  • Push: Upload changes to GitHub

👉 Use Case:
You commit multiple times locally → push once after testing.

12. What is Rebase vs Merge?

👉 Answer:

  • Merge: Keeps history (creates merge commit)
  • Rebase: Rewrites history (linear)

👉 Use Case:
Rebase keeps clean commit history before merging feature branch.

13. What is Tag in Git?

👉 Answer:
A tag marks a specific version of code.

👉 Use Case:
Mark releases like:

v1.0
v2.0

14. What is Git Stash?

👉 Answer:
Temporarily saves uncommitted changes.

👉 Use Case:
You are working on a feature but need to switch branches quickly.

15. What is Code Review in GitHub?

👉 Answer:
Process of reviewing code before merging.

👉 Use Case:

  • Developer checks logic
  • QA verifies test coverage
  • Ensures code quality

🔹 Scenario-Based GitHub Interview Questions

16. You pushed wrong code to main branch. What will you do?

👉 Answer:

  • Revert commit:
git revert <commit-id>

OR

  • Reset (if safe):
git reset --hard HEAD~1

👉 Best Practice:
Avoid direct commits to main → use PR workflow.

17. Multiple developers working on same feature. How to manage?

👉 Answer:

  • Use feature branches
  • Regularly pull latest changes
  • Resolve conflicts early

👉 Use Case:
Each dev works on sub-features → merged via PR.

18. How do you handle large files in GitHub?

👉 Answer:
Use Git LFS (Large File Storage).

👉 Use Case:
Store large test data or binaries.

19. How do you secure sensitive data in GitHub?

👉 Answer:

  • Never commit secrets
  • Use GitHub Secrets
  • Use .gitignore

👉 Use Case:
Store API keys in environment variables.

20. Explain CI/CD pipeline using GitHub Actions

👉 Answer:

  1. Code pushed to GitHub
  2. Workflow triggers
  3. Build runs
  4. Tests execute
  5. Deploy

👉 Use Case:
Playwright tests run automatically on every commit.

🔹 Advanced Practical Questions

21. How do you revert a specific file to previous version?

git checkout <commit-id> -- file.js

22. How do you squash commits?

git rebase -i HEAD~3

👉 Combine multiple commits into one.

23. What is Detached HEAD?

👉 Answer:
When you’re not on any branch.

👉 Use Case:
Checking old commit without affecting current branch.

24. How do you delete a branch?

git branch -d branch-name
git push origin --delete branch-name

25. What is Upstream in Git?

👉 Answer:
Reference to original repository (especially in forks).

👉 Use Case:
Keep your fork updated with original repo.

Mock Interview: GitHub (Real Company Style)

🔹 Round 1: Basics + Practical Understanding

❓ Q1: Explain your GitHub workflow in your current project.

👉 Strong Answer:

“We follow a feature branch workflow. Each task starts with a new branch from main. After development, we push code and raise a pull request. CI runs automatically using GitHub Actions. After code review and approvals, we merge into main. Direct commits to main are restricted.”

👉 What interviewer checks:

  • Real experience
  • Collaboration understanding
  • CI/CD awareness

❓ Q2: What happens when you run git push?

👉 Strong Answer:

“It uploads local commits from my machine (using Git) to the remote repository on GitHub, making them available to the team.”

👉 Follow-up trap:
👉 “What if push is rejected?”

✔️ Answer:

“It usually means my branch is behind. I pull the latest changes, resolve conflicts if any, and push again.”

🔹 Round 2: Scenario-Based Questions

❓ Q3: You and another developer changed the same file. Your PR shows conflict. What do you do?

👉 Strong Answer:

“I pull the latest changes from main, resolve conflicts locally, test the code, commit the fix, and push again to update the PR.”

👉 Bonus point:
Mention testing after conflict resolution.

❓ Q4: You accidentally pushed sensitive data (API key) to GitHub. What will you do?

👉 Strong Answer:

“First, I revoke the key immediately. Then I remove it from the repository, rewrite history if needed, and ensure it’s added to .gitignore. Going forward, I store secrets using GitHub Secrets.”

👉 What interviewer checks:

  • Security awareness
  • Real-world handling

❓ Q5: Your teammate’s PR broke the build. What should happen?

👉 Strong Answer:

“The CI pipeline should fail automatically. The PR should not be merged until the issue is fixed. We enforce required checks before merging.”

👉 Extra credit:
Mention branch protection rules.

🔹 Round 3: CI/CD + Automation (Very Important)

❓ Q6: How do you integrate automation tests with GitHub?

👉 Strong Answer:

“We use GitHub Actions to trigger Playwright tests on every PR. The workflow installs dependencies, runs tests, and publishes reports.”

👉 Example flow:

  • PR created
  • Tests run automatically
  • Pass → merge allowed
  • Fail → fix required

❓ Q7: How do you ensure code quality before merging?

👉 Strong Answer:

“We use a combination of:

  • Pull request reviews
  • Automated tests
  • Linting checks
  • CI validation

Only after all checks pass, the PR is merged.”

🔹 Round 4: Advanced Problem Solving

❓ Q8: Your main branch is broken after a merge. What will you do?

👉 Strong Answer:

“I would quickly identify the faulty commit and revert it using git revert. Then fix the issue in a new branch and raise another PR.”

👉 Important:
Avoid rewriting history in shared branches.

❓ Q9: How do you handle multiple environments (dev, staging, prod)?

👉 Strong Answer:

“We use different branches or deployment workflows. For example:

  • develop → dev environment
  • main → production
    CI/CD pipelines deploy automatically based on branch.”

❓ Q10: How do you manage large teams working on the same repo?

👉 Strong Answer:

“We use:

  • Feature branches
  • Clear naming conventions
  • Code owners
  • Mandatory PR reviews
  • CI/CD checks

This ensures smooth collaboration and avoids conflicts.”

🔹 Round 5: Rapid Fire (Quick Checks)

❓ Difference between Fork and Clone?

👉 Fork = copy on GitHub
👉 Clone = copy on local machine

❓ What is HEAD in Git?

👉 Pointer to the current commit/branch

❓ What is Rebase?

👉 Rewrites commit history to make it linear

❓ What is Stash?

👉 Temporarily saves uncommitted changes

❓ What is a Tag?

👉 Marks a release/version

🔹 Real Interview Challenge (Hands-On Thinking)

❓ Q11: Design a GitHub workflow for automation testing.

👉 Strong Answer:

“I would:

  1. Trigger workflow on PR and push
  2. Install dependencies
  3. Run Playwright tests
  4. Generate reports
  5. Upload artifacts
  6. Fail build if tests fail

This ensures only tested code gets merged.”

🔹 Final HR + Practical Question

❓ Q12: Tell me a real problem you faced in GitHub and how you solved it.

👉 Sample Answer:

“We had frequent merge conflicts due to long-running branches. I suggested smaller PRs and frequent rebasing. This reduced conflicts and improved deployment speed.”



Playwright Save Login Session with POM

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Here’s a complete, real-world Playwright POM framework showing how to:

  • Login once using beforeAll
  • Share the session across tests
  • Use Page Object Model (POM)
  • Follow best practices for scalability

✅ 1. Project Structure (Recommended)

playwright-project/
│
├── tests/
│   ├── login.setup.ts        # Login once & save session
│   ├── example.spec.ts       # Actual test cases
│
├── pages/
│   ├── LoginPage.ts
│   ├── DashboardPage.ts
│
├── utils/
│   ├── baseTest.ts           # Custom fixture (optional advanced)
│
├── playwright.config.ts
└── package.json

✅ 2. Login Page (POM)

pages/LoginPage.ts

import { Page } from '@playwright/test';export class LoginPage {
  readonly page: Page;  constructor(page: Page) {
    this.page = page;
  }  async navigate() {
    await this.page.goto('https://example.com/login');
  }  async login(username: string, password: string) {
    await this.page.fill('#username', username);
    await this.page.fill('#password', password);
    await this.page.click('#loginBtn');
  }
}

✅ 3. Dashboard Page (POM)

pages/DashboardPage.ts

import { Page, expect } from '@playwright/test';export class DashboardPage {
  readonly page: Page;  constructor(page: Page) {
    this.page = page;
  }  async verifyDashboardLoaded() {
    await expect(this.page.locator('h1')).toHaveText('Dashboard');
  }
}

✅ 4. Login Setup (Runs Once Before All Tests)

👉 This is the key part (beforeAll session handling)

tests/login.setup.ts

import { test as setup } from '@playwright/test';
import { LoginPage } from '../pages/LoginPage';setup('Login and save session', async ({ page }) => {
  const loginPage = new LoginPage(page);  await loginPage.navigate();
  await loginPage.login('testuser', 'password123');  // Save session
  await page.context().storageState({ path: 'storageState.json' });
});

✅ 5. Playwright Config (Use Stored Session)

playwright.config.ts

import { defineConfig } from '@playwright/test';export default defineConfig({
  testDir: './tests',  use: {
    baseURL: 'https://example.com',
    storageState: 'storageState.json', // reuse login session
    headless: false
  },  projects: [
    {
      name: 'setup',
      testMatch: /login\.setup\.ts/,
    },
    {
      name: 'tests',
      dependencies: ['setup'], // ensures login runs first
      testMatch: /.*\.spec\.ts/,
    },
  ],
});

✅ 6. Test File (Uses Shared Session)

tests/example.spec.ts

import { test } from '@playwright/test';
import { DashboardPage } from '../pages/DashboardPage';test.describe('Dashboard Tests', () => {  test.beforeAll(async () => {
    console.log('Runs once before all tests');
  });  test('Verify dashboard page', async ({ page }) => {
    const dashboard = new DashboardPage(page);    await page.goto('/dashboard');
    await dashboard.verifyDashboardLoaded();
  });  test('Another test using same session', async ({ page }) => {
    await page.goto('/dashboard/settings');
    console.log('User is already logged in');
  });});

✅ 7. How This Works (Important)

🔹 Flow:

  1. login.setup.ts runs first
  2. Logs in and saves session → storageState.json
  3. All test files reuse this session
  4. No repeated login → faster execution

✅ 8. Alternative: Using beforeAll Without storageState (Not Recommended)

test.beforeAll(async ({ browser }) => {
  const context = await browser.newContext();
  const page = await context.newPage();  await page.goto('/login');
  await page.fill('#username', 'user');
  await page.fill('#password', 'pass');
  await page.click('#loginBtn');  // ❌ This session is NOT shared across tests automatically
});

👉 Problem:

  • Each test gets a new context
  • Session is NOT reused

✅ 9. Best Practice Summary

✔ Use storageState (Recommended)
✔ Keep login logic in setup file
✔ Use POM for maintainability
✔ Use project dependencies
✔ Avoid login in every test

✅ 10. Pro Tips (Real Project)

  • Store credentials in .env
  • Use multiple storage states for multi-users
  • Use fixtures for advanced reuse
  • Add retry logic for flaky login

Here’s a complete, real-world Playwright setup for multi-user session handling (Admin + User) using POM + storageState + project dependencies.

This is how teams handle role-based testing at scale.

✅ 1. Goal

We want to:

  • Login as Admin
  • Login as Normal User
  • Save both sessions separately
  • Run tests using either role without logging in again

✅ 2. Project Structure

playwright-project/
│
├── tests/
│   ├── setup/
│   │   ├── admin.setup.ts
│   │   ├── user.setup.ts
│   │
│   ├── admin.spec.ts
│   ├── user.spec.ts
│
├── pages/
│   ├── LoginPage.ts
│   ├── DashboardPage.ts
│
├── storage/
│   ├── adminState.json
│   ├── userState.json
│
├── playwright.config.ts

✅ 3. Login Page (Reusable POM)

pages/LoginPage.ts

import { Page } from '@playwright/test';export class LoginPage {
  constructor(private page: Page) {}  async navigate() {
    await this.page.goto('/login');
  }  async login(username: string, password: string) {
    await this.page.fill('#username', username);
    await this.page.fill('#password', password);
    await this.page.click('#loginBtn');
  }
}

✅ 4. Admin Login Setup

tests/setup/admin.setup.ts

import { test as setup } from '@playwright/test';
import { LoginPage } from '../../pages/LoginPage';setup('Login as Admin', async ({ page }) => {
  const login = new LoginPage(page);  await login.navigate();
  await login.login('adminUser', 'adminPass');  await page.context().storageState({
    path: 'storage/adminState.json',
  });
});

✅ 5. User Login Setup

tests/setup/user.setup.ts

import { test as setup } from '@playwright/test';
import { LoginPage } from '../../pages/LoginPage';setup('Login as User', async ({ page }) => {
  const login = new LoginPage(page);  await login.navigate();
  await login.login('normalUser', 'userPass');  await page.context().storageState({
    path: 'storage/userState.json',
  });
});

✅ 6. Playwright Config (Multi-User Projects)

playwright.config.ts

import { defineConfig } from '@playwright/test';export default defineConfig({
  testDir: './tests',  use: {
    baseURL: 'https://example.com',
    headless: false,
  },  projects: [
    // 🔹 Admin Setup
    {
      name: 'admin-setup',
      testMatch: /admin\.setup\.ts/,
    },    // 🔹 User Setup
    {
      name: 'user-setup',
      testMatch: /user\.setup\.ts/,
    },    // 🔹 Admin Tests
    {
      name: 'admin-tests',
      dependencies: ['admin-setup'],
      use: {
        storageState: 'storage/adminState.json',
      },
      testMatch: /admin\.spec\.ts/,
    },    // 🔹 User Tests
    {
      name: 'user-tests',
      dependencies: ['user-setup'],
      use: {
        storageState: 'storage/userState.json',
      },
      testMatch: /user\.spec\.ts/,
    },
  ],
});

✅ 7. Admin Test Example

tests/admin.spec.ts

import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test';test('Admin can access admin panel', async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto('/admin');  await expect(page.locator('h1')).toHaveText('Admin Dashboard');
});

✅ 8. User Test Example

tests/user.spec.ts

import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test';test('User cannot access admin panel', async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto('/admin');  await expect(page.locator('text=Access Denied')).toBeVisible();
});

✅ 9. Advanced: Use Fixtures (Cleaner Approach)

👉 Create a reusable fixture for roles

utils/fixtures.ts

import { test as base } from '@playwright/test';export const test = base.extend<{
  adminPage: any;
  userPage: any;
}>({
  adminPage: async ({ browser }, use) => {
    const context = await browser.newContext({
      storageState: 'storage/adminState.json',
    });
    const page = await context.newPage();
    await use(page);
    await context.close();
  },  userPage: async ({ browser }, use) => {
    const context = await browser.newContext({
      storageState: 'storage/userState.json',
    });
    const page = await context.newPage();
    await use(page);
    await context.close();
  },
});

Use Fixture in Test

import { test } from '../utils/fixtures';test('Admin vs User behavior', async ({ adminPage, userPage }) => {
  await adminPage.goto('/dashboard');
  await userPage.goto('/dashboard');  console.log('Both sessions running in parallel');
});

✅ 10. Key Benefits

✔ No repeated login
✔ Faster test execution
✔ Role-based validation
✔ Parallel execution ready
✔ Clean separation of concerns

🚀 Real-World Use Cases

  • Admin vs Customer flows
  • RBAC (Role-Based Access Control) testing
  • Multi-tenant apps
  • Permission validation

⚠️ Common Mistakes

❌ Using same storageState for all users
❌ Logging in inside every test
❌ Hardcoding credentials
❌ Not using project dependencies

✅ Pro Tips

  • Use .env for credentials
  • Add API login for speed
  • Rotate test users (avoid blocking)
  • Keep session fresh (auto re-login if expired)

JavaScript Function

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What is a Function in JavaScript?

A function is a block of code designed to perform a specific task. It runs only when it is called (invoked).

🔹 Basic Function Syntax

function functionName(parameters) {
    // code to execute
    return result;
}

🔹 1. Simple Function Example

function greet() {
    console.log("Hello, Welcome!");
}greet(); // calling function

👉 Output:

Hello, Welcome!

🔹 2. Function with Parameters

function greetUser(name) {
    console.log("Hello " + name);
}greetUser("Deepesh");

👉 Output:

Hello Deepesh

🔹 3. Function with Return Value

function add(a, b) {
    return a + b;
}let result = add(5, 3);
console.log(result);

👉 Output:

8

🔹 4. Function Expression

A function can also be stored in a variable.

const multiply = function(a, b) {
    return a * b;
};console.log(multiply(4, 5));

👉 Output:

20

🔹 5. Arrow Function (Modern Way)

Short syntax introduced in ES6.

const subtract = (a, b) => {
    return a - b;
};console.log(subtract(10, 4));

👉 Short version:

const subtract = (a, b) => a - b;

🔹 6. Default Parameters

function greet(name = "Guest") {
    console.log("Hello " + name);
}greet();        // Hello Guest
greet("Ram");   // Hello Ram

🔹 7. Function with Multiple Parameters

function userInfo(name, age, city) {
    console.log(name + " is " + age + " years old from " + city);
}userInfo("Deepesh", 25, "Bhopal");

🔹 8. Callback Function

A function passed as an argument to another function.

function processUser(name, callback) {
    console.log("Processing " + name);
    callback();
}function done() {
    console.log("Completed!");
}processUser("Deepesh", done);

🔹 9. Anonymous Function

A function without a name.

setTimeout(function() {
    console.log("Executed after 2 seconds");
}, 2000);

🔹 10. Immediately Invoked Function (IIFE)

Runs immediately after definition.

(function() {
    console.log("IIFE executed");
})();

🔹 11. Function Scope

Variables inside a function are not accessible outside.

function testScope() {
    let x = 10;
    console.log(x);
}testScope();
// console.log(x); ❌ Error

🔹 12. Rest Parameters

Used to handle multiple arguments.

function sum(...numbers) {
    let total = 0;
    for (let num of numbers) {
        total += num;
    }
    return total;
}console.log(sum(1, 2, 3, 4));

🔹 13. Higher-Order Function

Function that takes another function or returns one.

function calculator(a, b, operation) {
    return operation(a, b);
}const add = (x, y) => x + y;console.log(calculator(5, 3, add));

🔹 Real-World Usage

Functions are used in:

  • 🔹 Form validation
  • 🔹 API calls
  • 🔹 Event handling (click, submit)
  • 🔹 Reusable utilities
  • 🔹 Automation scripts (like Playwright tests)

🔹 Example: Real Use Case (Form Validation)

function validateEmail(email) {
    return email.includes("@");
}function submitForm(email) {
    if (validateEmail(email)) {
        console.log("Form submitted");
    } else {
        console.log("Invalid email");
    }
}submitForm("test@gmail.com");

🔹 Best Practices

✔ Use meaningful function names
✔ Keep functions small and focused
✔ Use arrow functions for short logic
✔ Avoid global variables
✔ Always return values when needed

🔹 Summary

  • Functions make code reusable
  • Can take inputs (parameters)
  • Can return outputs
  • Support modern syntax (arrow functions)
  • Essential for real-world JavaScript development

JavaScript Loop Programs with Solutions

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Print numbers from 1 to 10 (Basic for)

for (let i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
  console.log(i);
}

2️⃣ Print numbers from 10 to 1 (Reverse loop)

for (let i = 10; i >= 1; i--) {
  console.log(i);
}

3️⃣ Print even numbers (Loop with if)

for (let i = 1; i <= 20; i++) {
  if (i % 2 === 0) {
    console.log(i);
  }
}

4️⃣ Print odd numbers (Loop with if)

for (let i = 1; i <= 20; i++) {
  if (i % 2 !== 0) {
    console.log(i);
  }
}

5️⃣ Sum of numbers from 1 to 10

let sum = 0;for (let i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
  sum += i;
}console.log(sum);

6️⃣ Multiplication table of 5

for (let i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
  console.log(`5 x ${i} = ${5 * i}`);
}

7️⃣ Nested loop: Print square pattern

for (let i = 1; i <= 3; i++) {
  let row = "";
  for (let j = 1; j <= 3; j++) {
    row += "* ";
  }
  console.log(row);
}

8️⃣ Nested loop: Number pattern

for (let i = 1; i <= 3; i++) {
  let row = "";
  for (let j = 1; j <= i; j++) {
    row += j + " ";
  }
  console.log(row);
}

9️⃣ while loop: Print 1 to 5

let i = 1;while (i <= 5) {
  console.log(i);
  i++;
}

🔟 while loop: Sum of first 5 numbers

let i = 1;
let sum = 0;while (i <= 5) {
  sum += i;
  i++;
}console.log(sum);

1️⃣1️⃣ do...while: Print 1 to 5

let i = 1;do {
  console.log(i);
  i++;
} while (i <= 5);

1️⃣2️⃣ do...while: Run at least once

let i = 10;do {
  console.log(i);
} while (i < 5);

1️⃣3️⃣ forEach: Print array elements

let arr = [10, 20, 30];arr.forEach(num => console.log(num));

1️⃣4️⃣ forEach: Sum of array

let arr = [1, 2, 3, 4];
let sum = 0;arr.forEach(num => {
  sum += num;
});console.log(sum);

1️⃣5️⃣ Loop through string (characters)

let str = "Hello";for (let char of str) {
  console.log(char);
}

1️⃣6️⃣ Count vowels in a string

let str = "javascript";
let count = 0;for (let char of str) {
  if ("aeiou".includes(char)) {
    count++;
  }
}console.log(count);

1️⃣7️⃣ Loop through array using for

let arr = [5, 10, 15];for (let i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
  console.log(arr[i]);
}

1️⃣8️⃣ Find largest number in array

let arr = [10, 5, 20, 8];
let max = arr[0];for (let i = 1; i < arr.length; i++) {
  if (arr[i] > max) {
    max = arr[i];
  }
}console.log(max);

1️⃣9️⃣ Loop through object properties (for...in)

let person = {
  name: "John",
  age: 25,
  city: "Delhi"
};for (let key in person) {
  console.log(key + ": " + person[key]);
}

2️⃣0️⃣ Count properties in an object

let obj = {
  a: 1,
  b: 2,
  c: 3
};let count = 0;for (let key in obj) {
  count++;
}console.log(count);

JavaScript Loop Fundamentals

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Loops allow you to execute code repeatedly based on a condition.

1️⃣ Basic for Loop

👉 Example:

for (let i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
  console.log(i);
}

💡 Output:

1 2 3 4 5

2️⃣ Loop with if Condition

👉 Example: Print even numbers

for (let i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
  if (i % 2 === 0) {
    console.log(i);
  }
}

💡 Output:

2 4 6 8 10

3️⃣ Nested for Loop

👉 Example: Pattern (matrix)

for (let i = 1; i <= 3; i++) {
  for (let j = 1; j <= 3; j++) {
    console.log(`Row ${i}, Column ${j}`);
  }
}

💡 Concept:

  • Outer loop → rows
  • Inner loop → columns

4️⃣ while Loop

👉 Example:

let i = 1;while (i <= 5) {
  console.log(i);
  i++;
}

💡 Use case:

  • When iteration count is unknown

5️⃣ do...while Loop

👉 Example:

let i = 1;do {
  console.log(i);
  i++;
} while (i <= 5);

💡 Key Point:

  • Executes at least once

6️⃣ forEach Loop (Array Only)

👉 Example:

let arr = [10, 20, 30];arr.forEach((value, index) => {
  console.log(index, value);
});

7️⃣ Loop with String Datatype

A string is iterable, so you can loop through characters.

👉 Example using for

let str = "Hello";for (let i = 0; i < str.length; i++) {
  console.log(str[i]);
}

👉 Example using for...of

for (let char of "Hello") {
  console.log(char);
}

💡 Output:

H e l l o

8️⃣ Loop with Array Datatype

👉 Example using for

let numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4];for (let i = 0; i < numbers.length; i++) {
  console.log(numbers[i]);
}

👉 Example using for...of

for (let num of numbers) {
  console.log(num);
}

👉 Example using forEach

numbers.forEach(num => console.log(num));

9️⃣ Loop with Object Datatype

Objects are not directly iterable like arrays, but we use for...in.

👉 Example:

let person = {
  name: "John",
  age: 25,
  city: "Delhi"
};for (let key in person) {
  console.log(key, person[key]);
}

💡 Output:

name John
age 25
city Delhi

🔥 Summary Table

Loop TypeBest Use Case
forFixed iterations
whileUnknown iterations
do...whileRuns at least once
forEachArrays
for...ofArrays & strings
for...inObjects

Common Mistakes

❌ Infinite Loop

for (let i = 1; i <= 5; ) {
  // missing increment
}

❌ Wrong Object Loop

for (let item of person) // ❌ Error

✔ Correct:

for (let key in person)

✅ Practice Ideas

  1. Reverse a string using loop
  2. Find largest number in array
  3. Count vowels in string
  4. Print object keys and values
  5. Create star pattern using nested loop

GitHub Fundamentals

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1. What is GitHub?

  • GitHub is a platform to store, manage, and collaborate on code.
  • It uses Git (a version control system).

👉 Think of GitHub as:

“Google Drive for code + collaboration tools for developers”

2. What is Git?

  • Git tracks changes in your code.
  • Helps you:
    • Save versions
    • Undo mistakes
    • Work with teams

3. Repository (Repo)

A repository is a project folder stored on GitHub.

Example:

my-project/
 ├── index.html
 ├── style.css
 └── script.js

👉 This entire folder = 1 repository

4. Clone a Repository

Copy a GitHub repo to your local machine.

Command:

git clone https://github.com/user/project.git

Example:

git clone https://github.com/deepesh/my-app.git

5. Basic Git Workflow

The most important concept 👇

Working Directory → Staging Area → Repository

Steps:

git add file.js      # Add file to staging
git commit -m "Added feature"   # Save changes
git push            # Upload to GitHub

6. Commit

A commit is a snapshot of your code.

Example:

git commit -m "Fixed login bug"

👉 Good commit message = clear + meaningful

7. Branch

A branch lets you work on features without affecting main code.

Example:

git branch feature-login
git checkout feature-login

Or shortcut:

git checkout -b feature-login

8. Merge

Combine changes from one branch into another.

Example:

git checkout main
git merge feature-login

9. Pull Request (PR)

  • A Pull Request is used to merge code on GitHub.
  • You request others to review your code.

👉 Workflow:

  1. Create branch
  2. Push code
  3. Open PR
  4. Review → Merge

10. Push & Pull

Push (upload changes):

git push origin main

Pull (get latest changes):

git pull origin main

11. Fork

A fork is a copy of someone else’s repository.

👉 Used in open-source contributions.

12. .gitignore

Tells Git which files to ignore.

Example:

node_modules/
.env
*.log

13. Real Example Workflow

Let’s say you’re building a JavaScript project:

Step 1: Initialize repo

git init

Step 2: Add files

git add .

Step 3: Commit

git commit -m "Initial project setup"

Step 4: Connect GitHub

git remote add origin https://github.com/user/project.git

Step 5: Push

git push -u origin main

14. Common Commands Cheat Sheet

CommandPurpose
git initStart repo
git cloneCopy repo
git addStage changes
git commitSave changes
git pushUpload
git pullDownload updates
git branchList branches
git checkoutSwitch branch

15. Best Practices

  • ✅ Commit often
  • ✅ Use clear commit messages
  • ✅ Use branches for features
  • ✅ Pull before push
  • ❌ Don’t push sensitive data

🎯 Mini Practice Exercise

Try this:

  1. Create a folder
  2. Add a file app.js
  3. Run:
  4. Push it to GitHub
git init
git add .
git commit -m "First commit"
git push

Pro Tip

Start with:

  • Personal projects
  • Practice branching + PRs

That’s how real developers learn GitHub fast.

16. GitHub Issues (Task Tracking)

  • Issues are used to track bugs, tasks, or feature requests.

Example:

You create an issue:

Title: Fix login error
Description: Login fails when password is incorrect

👉 You can:

  • Assign team members
  • Add labels (bug, feature, urgent)
  • Track progress

📌 17. Labels (Organizing Work)

Labels help categorize issues.

Example labels:

  • bug 🐛
  • enhancement 🚀
  • documentation 📄

👉 Helps teams quickly understand task types.

📊 18. GitHub Projects (Kanban Board)

GitHub provides project boards similar to Trello.

Example workflow:

To Do → In Progress → Done

👉 You can drag issues between columns.

🔐 19. README.md File

This is the first file people see in your repo.

Example:

# My AppThis is a simple JavaScript project.## Features
- Login system
- Dashboard

👉 A good README increases project visibility.

⚙️ 20. GitHub Actions (Automation)

  • GitHub Actions lets you automate workflows.

Example:

Run tests automatically when code is pushed.

name: Test App
on: [push]jobs:
  test:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - run: echo "Running tests..."

👉 Used for:

  • CI/CD (Continuous Integration / Deployment)
  • Auto testing
  • Deployment

🔁 21. Pull vs Fetch

Git Pull:

git pull origin main

👉 Fetch + merge

Git Fetch:

git fetch

👉 Only downloads changes (no merge)

🔄 22. Merge Conflict (Important!)

Occurs when Git can’t merge automatically.

Example conflict:

<<<<<<< HEAD
console.log("Hello");
=======
console.log("Hi");
>>>>>>> branch

👉 You must manually fix it:

console.log("Hello Hi");

Then:

git add .
git commit -m "Resolved conflict"

🧪 23. Stash (Temporary Save)

Save changes without committing.

git stash

Restore:

git stash pop

👉 Useful when switching branches quickly.

📜 24. Git Log (History)

View commit history:

git log

Short version:

git log --oneline

⏪ 25. Undo Changes

Undo staged file:

git reset file.js

Undo last commit:

git reset --soft HEAD~1

Discard changes:

git checkout -- file.js

🌐 26. Remote Repository

Link your local repo to GitHub.

git remote add origin https://github.com/user/repo.git

Check:

git remote -v

🔒 27. SSH vs HTTPS

Two ways to connect GitHub:

HTTPS:

https://github.com/user/repo.git

SSH:

git@github.com:user/repo.git

👉 SSH is more secure (no need to enter password repeatedly)

📦 28. Fork + Clone + PR (Real Open Source Flow)

Step-by-step:

  1. Fork repository on GitHub
  2. Clone it:
git clone https://github.com/your-username/repo.git
  1. Create branch:
git checkout -b fix-bug
  1. Make changes + commit
  2. Push:
git push origin fix-bug
  1. Create Pull Request

👉 This is how open-source contributions work.

🧱 29. Rebase (Advanced Concept)

Instead of merge, you can use rebase for cleaner history.

git checkout feature
git rebase main

👉 Keeps history linear (no extra merge commits)

🏷️ 30. Tags (Versioning)

Used for releases.

git tag v1.0
git push origin v1.0

👉 Example:

  • v1.0 → first release
  • v2.0 → major update

Real-World Scenario (Important)

Scenario: Team Development

  1. Developer A creates feature branch
  2. Developer B works on another branch
  3. Both create Pull Requests
  4. Code review happens
  5. Merge into main

👉 This prevents breaking the main codebase.

🧠 Pro Learning Tips

  • Practice daily with small repos
  • Break code → fix using Git
  • Try merge conflicts intentionally
  • Explore open-source repos

💻 Practice Tasks (Next Level)

Try these:

  1. Create 2 branches and merge them
  2. Create a merge conflict and resolve it
  3. Use git stash while switching branches
  4. Create a Pull Request on your own repo
  5. Add a README with project details

JavaScript If-Condition Programs

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Here are 20 JavaScript programs with solutions covering:
✔ if
✔ if-else
✔ if-else if
✔ nested if
✔ one-line (ternary) conditions

🔹 1. Positive number (if)

let num = 5;if (num > 0) {
  console.log("Positive");
}

🔹 2. Even or odd (if-else)

let num = 4;if (num % 2 === 0) {
  console.log("Even");
} else {
  console.log("Odd");
}

🔹 3. Voting eligibility (if-else)

let age = 16;if (age >= 18) {
  console.log("Eligible");
} else {
  console.log("Not eligible");
}

🔹 4. Largest of two numbers (if-else)

let a = 10, b = 20;if (a > b) {
  console.log("a is greater");
} else {
  console.log("b is greater");
}

🔹 5. Divisible by 3 (if)

let num = 9;if (num % 3 === 0) {
  console.log("Divisible by 3");
}

🔹 6. Grade system (if-else if)

let marks = 85;if (marks >= 90) {
  console.log("A");
} else if (marks >= 70) {
  console.log("B");
} else if (marks >= 50) {
  console.log("C");
} else {
  console.log("Fail");
}

🔹 7. Largest of three numbers (if-else if)

let a = 5, b = 8, c = 3;if (a > b && a > c) {
  console.log("a is largest");
} else if (b > c) {
  console.log("b is largest");
} else {
  console.log("c is largest");
}

🔹 8. Leap year (if-else)

let year = 2024;if ((year % 4 === 0 && year % 100 !== 0) || year % 400 === 0) {
  console.log("Leap year");
} else {
  console.log("Not leap year");
}

🔹 9. Check number range (if)

let num = 25;if (num >= 10 && num <= 50) {
  console.log("Within range");
}

🔹 10. Character type (if-else if)

let ch = 'A';if (ch >= 'A' && ch <= 'Z') {
  console.log("Uppercase");
} else if (ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'z') {
  console.log("Lowercase");
} else {
  console.log("Other");
}

🔹 11. Nested if (positive & even)

let num = 8;if (num > 0) {
  if (num % 2 === 0) {
    console.log("Positive and Even");
  }
}

🔹 12. Nested if (login system)

let username = "admin";
let password = "1234";if (username === "admin") {
  if (password === "1234") {
    console.log("Login successful");
  } else {
    console.log("Wrong password");
  }
} else {
  console.log("User not found");
}

🔹 13. Nested if (marks & distinction)

let marks = 75;if (marks >= 40) {
  if (marks >= 75) {
    console.log("Distinction");
  } else {
    console.log("Pass");
  }
} else {
  console.log("Fail");
}

🔹 14. One-line if (ternary)

let num = 10;console.log(num > 0 ? "Positive" : "Not positive");

🔹 15. One-line even/odd

let num = 7;console.log(num % 2 === 0 ? "Even" : "Odd");

🔹 16. One-line pass/fail

let marks = 35;console.log(marks >= 40 ? "Pass" : "Fail");

🔹 17. Multiple conditions (if)

let num = 15;if (num % 3 === 0 && num % 5 === 0) {
  console.log("Divisible by 3 and 5");
}

🔹 18. Temperature check (if-else if)

let temp = 30;if (temp > 40) {
  console.log("Hot");
} else if (temp > 20) {
  console.log("Warm");
} else {
  console.log("Cold");
}

🔹 19. Triangle validity (if)

let a = 3, b = 4, c = 5;if (a + b > c && a + c > b && b + c > a) {
  console.log("Valid triangle");
}

🔹 20. Simple calculator (if-else if)

let a = 10, b = 5;
let op = "+";if (op === "+") {
  console.log(a + b);
} else if (op === "-") {
  console.log(a - b);
} else if (op === "*") {
  console.log(a * b);
} else if (op === "/") {
  console.log(a / b);
} else {
  console.log("Invalid operator");
}

JavaScript if Condition Practice Programs (Without Solution)

Beginner Level

  1. Check whether a number is positive.
  2. Check whether a number is negative.
  3. Check whether a number is zero.
  4. Check whether a number is even or odd.
  5. Check whether a person is eligible to vote.
  6. Check whether a student passed or failed.
  7. Find the greater number between two numbers.
  8. Find the smaller number between two numbers.
  9. Check whether a character is a vowel or consonant.
  10. Check whether a year is a leap year.

Intermediate Level

  1. Check whether a number is divisible by 5.
  2. Check whether a number is divisible by both 3 and 7.
  3. Find the largest among three numbers.
  4. Find the smallest among three numbers.
  5. Check whether a character is uppercase or lowercase.
  6. Check whether a number is a 3-digit number.
  7. Check whether a person is a child, teenager, or adult.
  8. Check whether a triangle is valid based on angles.
  9. Check whether a temperature is hot, cold, or moderate.
  10. Calculate bonus based on salary conditions.

Advanced Beginner Level

  1. Check whether a number is divisible by 2 but not by 5.
  2. Check whether a student got distinction, first class, second class, or failed.
  3. Check whether a number is within a given range.
  4. Check whether three sides can form a triangle.
  5. Find the middle number among three numbers.
  6. Check whether a character is an alphabet, digit, or special character.
  7. Check whether a user entered the correct username and password.
  8. Check whether a number is a multiple of 10.
  9. Check whether a person is eligible for a driving license.
  10. Check whether an entered day is weekday or weekend.

JavaScript If Condition Fundamentals

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✅ 1. What is an if condition?

An if statement is used to execute code only when a condition is true.

📌 Syntax:

if (condition) {
    // code runs if condition is true
}

✅ Example:

let age = 18;if (age >= 18) {
    console.log("You are eligible to vote");
}

✅ 2. if...else Statement

Used when you want to handle both true and false cases.

📌 Syntax:

if (condition) {
    // true block
} else {
    // false block
}

✅ Example:

let number = 5;if (number % 2 === 0) {
    console.log("Even number");
} else {
    console.log("Odd number");
}

✅ 3. if...else if...else

Used when you have multiple conditions.

📌 Syntax:

if (condition1) {
    // block 1
} else if (condition2) {
    // block 2
} else {
    // default block
}

✅ Example:

let marks = 75;if (marks >= 90) {
    console.log("Grade A");
} else if (marks >= 70) {
    console.log("Grade B");
} else {
    console.log("Grade C");
}

✅ 4. Nested if

An if inside another if.

✅ Example:

let age = 20;
let hasLicense = true;if (age >= 18) {
    if (hasLicense) {
        console.log("You can drive");
    } else {
        console.log("Get a license first");
    }
}

✅ 5. Ternary Operator (Short if-else)

A short form of if...else.

📌 Syntax:

condition ? value1 : value2;

✅ Example:

let age = 16;let result = (age >= 18) ? "Adult" : "Minor";
console.log(result);

🔷 Important Concepts

🔹 Comparison Operators

OperatorMeaning
==Equal (loose)
===Equal (strict)
!=Not equal
!==Strict not equal
> < >= <=Comparison

👉 Always prefer === (strict equality)

🔹 Logical Operators

OperatorMeaning
&&AND
!NOT

✅ Example:

let age = 20;
let hasID = true;if (age >= 18 && hasID) {
    console.log("Allowed entry");
}

🔷 Practice Programs (Very Important 🚀)

🟢 Beginner Level

1. Check Positive or Negative

let num = -5;if (num >= 0) {
    console.log("Positive");
} else {
    console.log("Negative");
}

2. Find Largest of Two Numbers

let a = 10, b = 20;if (a > b) {
    console.log("A is larger");
} else {
    console.log("B is larger");
}

3. Check Divisible by 5

let num = 25;if (num % 5 === 0) {
    console.log("Divisible by 5");
} else {
    console.log("Not divisible");
}

🟡 Intermediate Level

4. Find Largest of Three Numbers

let a = 10, b = 25, c = 15;if (a > b && a > c) {
    console.log("A is largest");
} else if (b > c) {
    console.log("B is largest");
} else {
    console.log("C is largest");
}

5. Check Leap Year

let year = 2024;if ((year % 4 === 0 && year % 100 !== 0) || year % 400 === 0) {
    console.log("Leap Year");
} else {
    console.log("Not a Leap Year");
}

6. Grade Calculator

let marks = 85;if (marks >= 90) {
    console.log("A");
} else if (marks >= 75) {
    console.log("B");
} else if (marks >= 50) {
    console.log("C");
} else {
    console.log("Fail");
}

🔴 Advanced Level

7. Check Login Access

let username = "admin";
let password = "1234";if (username === "admin" && password === "1234") {
    console.log("Login successful");
} else {
    console.log("Invalid credentials");
}

8. Check Even/Odd using Ternary

let num = 7;let result = (num % 2 === 0) ? "Even" : "Odd";
console.log(result);

9. Traffic Light System

let color = "red";if (color === "red") {
    console.log("Stop");
} else if (color === "yellow") {
    console.log("Get Ready");
} else if (color === "green") {
    console.log("Go");
} else {
    console.log("Invalid color");
}

🔷 Pro Tips 💡

  • Use === instead of ==
  • Keep conditions simple and readable
  • Avoid deeply nested if → use else if instead
  • Use ternary only for short conditions

🔷 Practice Questions (Try Yourself )

  1. Check if a number is divisible by both 3 and 7
  2. Check whether a character is vowel or consonant
  3. Find smallest of three numbers
  4. Check if a number is palindrome
  5. Create simple ATM withdrawal condition

Github Guide

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Steps to Create a GitHub Account

  1. Go to https://github.com/
  2. Click on the signup button.
  3. Enter email ID
  4. Enter password
  5. Provide a unique Username,
  6. click on the checkbox -> click on the create account button.
  7. It will show some puzzles to verify -> we have to solve.
  8. User will receive a verification code via email -> provide the code on the GitHub screen.
  9. Account creation is Successful.

Steps to Create a GitHub Repository

  1. Go to the GitHub account
  2. Click on the create repository button.
  3. Provide repository name: AutomationPractice
  4. Provide a description. e.g. Automation practice for the user.
  5. Select the Repo visibility option Public/Private.
  6. Select the readme file option.
  7. Click on the Create repository button.
  8. Repository created successfully.

Steps to install the GitHub client

  1. Download the Git client from the given link
    https://github.com/git-for-windows/git/releases/download/v2.53.0.windows.2/Git-2.53.0.2-64-bit.exe
  2. Double-click on the exe file and initiate installation with exe
    , select all default options, and complete the installation.
  3. Create a folder in C Drive with the name GithubCode, folder path should be C:\GithubCode
  4. Open folder and right-click -> show more options -> click on open git bash here.
  5. It will open the Git terminal in the C:\GithubCode folder.
  6. Run a command to check the git option
    git –help
  7. It will show available git commands

Steps to Add User Credentials in Git Config File

  1. Open the Git terminal in the C:\GitHubCode folder
  2. Run the command below to open the config file
    -> git config –global –edit
    -> It will open the config file in the vi editor
  3. Press i to enable insert mode, it should show –insert– in the bottom.
  4. Now use keyboard arrows and update the name and email with your git username and git email.
    [user]
    name = Divya4255
    email = divya.smsrinivas1995@gmail.com
  5. Make sure to remove # from the name and email line in the config file.
  6. Press the ESCAPE key to disabled insert mode.
  7. start type :wq and press enter
    -> It will save the configuration details.

Steps to Clone the Repository on the User’s Machine

  1. Go to the GitHub server, log in with your credentials
  2. Navigate to the repository that we have already created.
  3. Click on the Code (green color) button, and copy the repository from there.
  4. Open the Git terminal in the C:\GitHubCode folder.
  5. Run the command below to clone the repo
    -> git clone https://github.com/Divya4255/AutomationPractice.git
  6. Hit Enter -> It will clone repository from server to your local machine.
  7. The repository folder will be created on the local machine.

Steps to Create a New File and Push to the GitHub Server

  1. Create a text file in the git repository folder (AutomationPractice) and rename as demo_file.txt
  2. Open the text file and add some content to the file -> save the file.
  3. Open the Git terminal in C:\GitHubCode\AutomationPractice folder.
  4. Run the git status command
    -> git status: it will show the new demo file in red color.
  5. Run the git add command
    -> git add file_path/filename # It will add the file to GitHub tracking
  6. Check the status again.
    -> git status # It will show the demo file in green color.
  7. Initiate commit operation
    -> git commit -m “adding new file to repo.”
    -> It will complete the commit operation.
  8. Initiate the git push operation.
    -> git push
    -> It will launch a pop-up
    -> Click and open in browser option.
    -> It will open in browser and click on the Authorize git ecosystem button.
    -> Now push will be successful and file will be push to the server.
    -> Check on GitHub server, the file is available on GitHub server.

Home Work For Practice:

  1. Create three different file and push them to the server.
  2. Update file1 and push(git status, git add, git commit, git push) it.
  3. Rename file2 and push it from the terminal.
  4. Delete file3 and push it from terminal.

Create a Common Repo and Provide Access

  1. Create a repository with the name: e.g., GTM_PlaywrightTS_BATCH11
  2. Get students’ email and provide Access to collaborate.
    Go to Repository -> Settings -> Collaborators -> Add People -> Enter Your email -> Select User -> Add to Repository
  3. People will receive an invitation via email.
  4. Open the email, click View Invitation, then accept the invitation.
  5. Everyone has to accept the invitation.
  6. Make sure to accept the invitation from the laptop, and your GitHub account is already open in the same browser
    where you open the mail account.
  7. Once the invitation is accepted, the user will be able to see the common repository.

Clone the Common Repo, Add folder your name

  1. Go to the common repository -> click on code (green button)
    -> click on copy clipboard to copy URL.
  2. Open the Git terminal in the C:\GitHubCode folder on the local system
  3. Run this command to clone the common repository
    -> git clone https://github.com/sqatools/GTM_PlaywrightTS_BATCH11.git
  4. It will clone the command repository into a C:\GitHubCode to the local directory.
    -> repository folder name: GTM_PlaywrightTS_BATCH11
  5. Create folder with your name in repo e.g. Deepesh and Add file inside the your folder e.g. first_file.txt
  6. Navigate back to git terminal.
  7. ON git terminal run below command to go inside repository folder.
    cd GTM_PlaywrightTS_BATCH11 -> It will open GTM_PlaywrightTS_BATCH11 folder.
  8. Check status using below command
    -> git status : New Folder name will show in red color.
  9. Run git add command
    -> git add /FolderName
  10. Initiate commit operation.
    -> git commit -m “added”
  11. Perform git push operation
    -> git push
  12. If push is rejected repeat this steps until push it not successful.
    -> git pull
    -> it will open merge editor
    -> we have to close the edit with command using :wq (save file)
    -> Once the edit is closed, re-initiate the push operation
    -> git push
    -> if push is still rejected (Repeat again from “git pull” command)
################ Multi branching in git
  1. Go to Git Repository on server : GTM_PlaywrightTS_BATCH11
  2. Click on repository dropdown. default is main
  3. click on view all branches.
  4. Create branch with your name e.g. deepesh_branch.
    -> New Branch
    -> Provide Branch Name e.g. firstname_branch
    -> click on create branch button
    -> Verify branch is created successfully.
  5. Open git terminal in repository folder
  6. run command to update the repo
    -> git pull (all newly created branches will show in the console output)
  7. Check current active branch
    -> git branch : It will show main as active branch in green color.
  8. Switch to new branch.
    -> git checkout deepesh_branch
  9. check again active branch
    -> git branch : your branch will show as active branch in green color e.g. deepesh_branch
  10. Go to your dedicated folder and add file inside the folder
    Folder Name : Deepesh
    Filename : deepesh_feature_file.txt (don’t add space in filename)

11 Go back to terminal and check status
-> git status : newly added file will show in red color

  1. Run git add command
    -> git add
  2. Initiate commit operation
    -> git commit -m “added new file to feature branch”
  3. Initiate push operation
    -> git push : file will push to the server on dedicated branch.
  4. Go to GitHub server and verify file is available in dedicated folder in your branch.
################### Create pull from server
  1. Go to server and navigate to repository.
  2. Click on “Compare & pull request” button (green button)
  3. Provide pull request description.
  4. Add reviwers to review the code.
  5. Click on create pull button.
################### Create workflow file in branch
  1. Go to repository on GitHub server
  2. Navigate to Actions Tab.
  3. Click on New Workflow (green color) button
  4. Select any workflow from given list. e.g. simple workflow
  5. click on configure button
  6. Select your branch from left side dropdown e.g. deepesh_branch.
  7. Provide workflow name default name is blank.yml
    default path: GTM_Playwright_Batch11/.gitHub/workflow/blank.yml keep this path alive
    pull_request:
    branches: [ “main” ] remove this part: this will execute workflow for every single push
    push:
    branches: [ “main” ]
  8. click on commit changes button.
  9. It will open pop to provide commit message -> we can click on commit changes
    and push to the current branch.
  10. It will create workflow on your dedicated branch and execute along with each
    PR.
########## Resolve Merge conflict

conflict scenario

  1. Create file1 in main branch add some code from line 1 to 10.
  2. Create new branch from main branch and then modify same file1 and same line numbers from 1 to 10.
  3. In main branch, modify same on same number of lines and push it.
  4. Create pull request from feature to main branch
  5. It will create conflict.
  6. We have to resolve conflict and merge the change
Steps to reproduce conflict scenario
  1. Open git terminal in repository folder.
    -> make sure your current active branch should be main
    -> if not then you can switch to main branch.
    -> ‘git checkout main’ # it will switch to main branch.
    -> ‘git pull’ : Update your main branch with all change from server.
    -> ‘git branch’ : current active branch should be main branch in green color
  2. Create a file with name e.g. dy_conflict_file.txt, and code snipet in the file, and save the file.
    var num1 = 10
    if (num1%2 == 0) {
    console.log(“This is even number”)
    } else {
    console.log(“This is odd number”)
    }
  3. Push file to main branch.
    -> git status: show file in read color
    -> git add
    -> git status : show file in green color
    -> git commit -m “added file”
    -> git push : It push is rejected, then pull the code and perform push operation.
    -> git pull : it will open editor, we have close it with :wq! command.
    -> then try to push again, repeat (pull, push), until it is not successful.
  4. Create a branch from local git bash terminal.
    -> git checkout -b “dy_conflict_branch”
  5. Update dy_conflict_file.txt file as given below. if (num1%2 == 0) {
    console.log(“This is even number, divisible by 2”)
    } else {
    console.log(“This is odd number, not divisible by 2”)
    }
  6. go back to terminal and run below command
    -> git status : shows in red color
    -> git add
    -> git status : shows file in green color
    -> git commit -m “initiate commit operation”
  7. run below command to push local branch to server
    -> git push –set-upstream origin dy_conflict_branch
    -> push will be successful in feature.
  8. change branch from conflict branch to main branch in terminal
    -> git checkout main
    -> git pull : it will update all changes from server to local machine.
  9. Open conflict file in your folder and update few change in file content.
    var num1 = 10
    if (num1%2 == 0) {
    console.log(“condition is True”)
    console.log(“This is even number, can divide by 2”)
    } else {
    console.log(“condition is False”)
    console.log(“This is odd number, can not divide by 2”)
    }
  10. push the file change in main branch.
    -> git status
    -> git add
    -> git commit -m “updated file”
    -> git push (repeat pull and push commands)
  11. Go to GitHub server and create pull request from conflict branch to main branch
    -> go to repository
    -> search your branch name and select the branch.
    -> if the branch is old, then it will show contribute button
    -> click on contribute button and click on ‘Open pull request’ button.
    -> Provide request details (reviewer, description assignee)
    -> click on create pull request button.
  12. It will show merge conflict between main branch and feature branch.
    -> ‘merge pull request’ button will be in disable state. This branch has conflicts that must be resolved
    Use the web editor or the command line to resolve conflicts before continuing. Deepesh/dy_conflict_file.txt

—— Resolve merge conflict locally ——

  1. Go back to git terminal
  2. switch to feature branch.
    -> git checkout dy_conflict_branch
  3. run a command on terminal to update feature branch with main branch
    -> git pull origin main
    -> it will show conflict message on terminal Auto-merging Deepesh/dy_conflict_file.txt CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in Deepesh/dy_conflict_file.txt Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result.
  4. Open dy_conflict_file.txt on local machine, will show below content

var num1 = 10
if (num1%2 == 0) {

HEAD : change from feature BRANCH (dy_conflict_branch)

<<<<<<< HEAD
console.log(“This is even number, divisible by 2”)
} else {

console.log(“This is odd number, not divisible by 2”)

Changes from MAIN branch

console.log(“condition is True”)
console.log(“This is even number, can divide by 2”)
} else {
console.log(“condition is False”)
console.log(“This is odd number, can not divide by 2”)

9f9d33c6d4f9d945d512c3b40e36783b758295fd
}

  1. Update the file content as per your requirements. var num1 = 10
    if (num1%2 == 0) {
    console.log(“condition is True”)
    console.log(“This is even number, divisible by 2”)
    } else {
    console.log(“condition is False”)
    console.log(“This is odd number, not divisible by 2”)
    }
  2. go to git terminal and run below commands
    -> git status : It will show in red color
    -> git add
    -> git commit -m “resolved merge”
    -> git push
  3. Once the push is successful, merge will conflict will be resolved in pull request
    -> Now go back to git server and check pull request, there is no conflict anymore.
  4. We can merge changes from feature to main branch.

JavaScript Data Type Conversion

by

Data type conversion means changing a value from one type to another.

👉 There are two types of conversion:

  1. Implicit Conversion (Type Coercion)
  2. Explicit Conversion (Type Casting)

🔹 1. Implicit Conversion (Automatic)

JavaScript automatically converts types when needed.

✅ Example 1: String + Number

let result = "5" + 2;
console.log(result); // "52"

👉 Number 2 is converted to string.

✅ Example 2: Number – String

let result = "5" - 2;
console.log(result); // 3

👉 String "5" is converted to number.

✅ Example 3: Boolean Conversion

let result = true + 1;
console.log(result); // 2

👉 true → 1, false → 0

✅ Example 4: Null Conversion

let result = null + 5;
console.log(result); // 5

👉 null behaves like 0

⚠️ Strange Cases

console.log("5" * "2"); // 10
console.log("hello" * 2); // NaN

👉 "hello" cannot be converted → NaN (Not a Number)

🔹 2. Explicit Conversion (Manual)

You manually convert using JavaScript functions.

✅ Convert to Number

Using Number()

Number("123");    // 123
Number("abc");    // NaN
Number(true);     // 1
Number(false);    // 0

Using parseInt() and parseFloat()

parseInt("10.5");   // 10
parseFloat("10.5"); // 10.5

✅ Convert to String

Using String()

String(123);      // "123"
String(true);     // "true"

Using .toString()

let num = 100;
num.toString();   // "100"

✅ Convert to Boolean

Using Boolean()

Boolean(1);        // true
Boolean(0);        // false
Boolean("");       // false
Boolean("Hello");  // true
Boolean(null);     // false
Boolean(undefined);// false

🔹 Truthy vs Falsy Values

❌ Falsy Values:

  • 0
  • "" (empty string)
  • null
  • undefined
  • NaN
  • false

✅ Truthy Values:

Everything else is true

Boolean("Hi"); // true
Boolean(100);  // true

🔹 Comparison with Type Coercion

== (Loose Equality)

console.log("5" == 5); // true

👉 Converts types before comparison

=== (Strict Equality)

console.log("5" === 5); // false

👉 No conversion → safer

🧠 Quick Summary

Conversion TypeExampleResult
Implicit"5" + 2"52"
Implicit"5" - 23
ExplicitNumber("10")10
ExplicitString(10)"10"
ExplicitBoolean(0)false