Python List

Python List Tutorial

Introduction:

Lists are one of the most commonly used data structures in Python. A list is a collection of elements, which can be of any type, including numbers, strings, and other lists etc. Lists are mutable, which means you can make changes in the list by adding, removing, or changing elements.

List declaration:

To declare a list in Python, you can use square brackets [] and separate the elements with commas. Here’s an example:

new_list = [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]

In the above example, we created a list called new_list that contains five integers.

You can also create an empty list by using the list() function or just an empty set of square brackets []. Here are some examples:

list_1 = list()
list_2 = []

Both of the examples above create an empty list called empty_list_1 and list_2.

You can also create a list of a specific size filled with a default value using the * operator. Here’s an example:

empty_list_1 = []
empty_list_2 = list()

In the example above, we created a list called my_list that contains three 1 values.

my_list = [1, 1, 1]

List Rules:

List elements can be of different data types, including integers, floats, strings, booleans, and other objects.
Lists are mutable, which means that we can modify it by adding, removing, or changing elements.
Index of elements in the list starts from 0. We can access individual elements of a list by their index.
We can use slicing to extract a subset of elements from a list. Slicing returns a new list that includes the specified range of elements.
Lists can be concatenated using the ‘+’ operator.
Lists can be nested, meaning that you can have a list of lists.
Lists can be sorted in ascending or descending order using the sorted() function or the sort() method.
We can use the len() function to get the number of elements in a list.
We can iterate over the elements of a list using a for loop or list comprehension.
Two lists can be compared for equality using the ‘==’ operator. Two lists are considered equal if they have the same elements in the same order.

Python list features:

Mutable: Lists are mutable, meaning you can modify their elements by assigning new values to specific indices.
Ordered: Lists maintain the order of elements as they are added. The first element added will be at index 0, the second element at index 1, and so on.
Dynamic Size: Python lists can dynamically grow or shrink in size as elements are added or removed. You don’t need to specify the size beforehand.
Heterogeneous Elements: Lists can contain elements of different data types. For example, a single list can store integers, floats, strings, or even other lists.
Indexing and Slicing: You can access individual elements in a list using square brackets notation and their index. Additionally, you can slice lists to extract a portion of elements by specifying start and end indices.
Iteration: Lists can be easily iterated over using loops or list comprehensions, allowing you to process each element or perform operations on the entire list.
Built-in Functions: Python provides a range of built-in functions specifically designed for working with lists. These include functions like `len()`, `max()`, `min()`, `sum()`, `sorted()`, and more.
Versatile Data Structure: Lists are a versatile data structure used in a variety of scenarios. They are commonly used for storing collections of related items, implementing stacks, queues, and other data structures, and for general-purpose data manipulation.
List Comprehensions: Python allows you to create new lists by performing operations on existing lists using concise and expressive syntax called list comprehensions. This feature provides an efficient and readable way to manipulate lists.
Extensive Methods: Python lists come with a range of built-in methods that enable various operations like adding or removing elements, sorting, reversing, searching, and more. These methods make it easy to work with lists and perform common list operations efficiently.

Python list advantages:

Flexibility: Python lists are highly flexible and versatile. They can store elements of different data types, allowing you to create lists with a mix of integers, floats, strings, and other objects. This flexibility makes lists suitable for a wide range of applications.
Dynamic Size: Lists in Python can grow or shrink dynamically as elements are added or removed. Unlike some other programming languages, you don’t need to specify the size of a list beforehand. This dynamic resizing capability makes it convenient to work with collections of varying lengths.
Easy Element Manipulation: Python provides intuitive ways to manipulate list elements. You can easily access, modify, or delete elements based on their indices. This makes it convenient to update or rearrange elements within a list as needed.
Iteration and Looping: Python lists can be easily iterated over using loops or list comprehensions. This allows you to process each element in a list sequentially or apply operations to the entire list, making it straightforward to perform calculations or transformations on list data.
Built-in Functions and Methods: Python provides a rich set of built-in functions and methods specifically designed for working with lists. These functions and methods simplify common list operations such as sorting, searching, filtering, adding or removing elements, and more. This extensive set of tools saves you time and effort when working with lists.
Powerful List Comprehensions: Python offers list comprehensions, which are concise and expressive ways to create new lists based on existing ones. List comprehensions allow you to apply transformations, conditions, and calculations to existing lists in a single line of code, making your code more readable and compact.
Compatibility with Other Data Structures: Lists in Python can easily be converted to and from other data structures like tuples or arrays. This compatibility allows you to take advantage of the specific features and benefits offered by different data structures as needed.
Common Data Structure: Python lists are widely used and well-supported. They are a fundamental data structure in Python, and you’ll find them extensively used in libraries, frameworks, and code examples. This popularity means that there is a wealth of resources, documentation, and community support available for working with lists.

Python list disadvantages:

Slow for Large Data Sets: Python lists may become inefficient when dealing with large data sets or performing operations that require frequent insertions or deletions. As lists are dynamically resized, these operations can be time-consuming, particularly if the list needs to be resized multiple times.
Sequential Search: When searching for an element in a list, Python performs a sequential search, iterating through each element until a match is found. This linear search approach can be slow for large lists, especially when compared to more efficient search algorithms like binary search available for sorted arrays.
Fixed Overhead: Each element in a Python list requires additional memory to store its value and associated metadata, such as the data type and object reference. This fixed overhead per element can be significant when dealing with large lists, potentially consuming more memory than other data structures optimized for memory efficiency.
Lack of Constant-Time Operations: Certain operations on Python lists, such as inserting or removing an element at a specific index, can be slow for large lists. These operations may require shifting or reassigning elements, resulting in a time complexity of O(n), where n is the number of elements in the list. In contrast, other data structures like arrays or linked lists can provide constant-time operations for these operations.
Limited Sorting Options: Python’s built-in sorting method, `list.sort()`, uses a variant of the quicksort algorithm. While it is efficient in most cases, it may not be suitable for certain specialized sorting requirements. For such scenarios, you may need to implement custom sorting algorithms or explore external libraries for specific sorting needs.
Not Suitable for Unique Elements: Python lists can contain duplicate elements. If you require a collection that only allows unique elements, you need to perform additional checks or use alternative data structures like sets or dictionaries.
Mutable Nature: While mutability can be an advantage, it can also lead to unintended changes in list elements. If a list is shared among multiple parts of a program or passed as a parameter to functions, modifying the list can affect other parts of the code unintentionally. This can lead to potential bugs or unexpected behavior.

Python List Indexing and Slicing

In Python first element in the list has an index of 0. You can access elements in a list by their index using square brackets. Here’s an example:

# Define a list
my_list = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']

# Access the first element
first_element = my_list[0]  # 'apple'

# Access the second element
second_element = my_list[1]  # 'banana'

# Access the third element
third_element = my_list[2]  # 'cherry'

# Print the elements
print("First element:", first_element)
print("Second element:", second_element)
print("Third element:", third_element)

You can also use negative indexing to access the list elements in the reverse order. Here’s an example:

# Define a list
my_list = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']

# Access the last element
last_element = my_list[-1]  # 'cherry'

# Access the second-to-last element
second_last_element = my_list[-2]  # 'banana'

# Access the third-to-last (or first) element
third_last_element = my_list[-3]  # 'apple'

# Print the elements
print("Last element:", last_element)
print("Second-to-last element:", second_last_element)
print("Third-to-last element:", third_last_element)

Slicing rules to created sublist in python:

Here are the rules for slicing in Python:

Slicing uses the colon : operator to specify a range of indices. The syntax is my_list[start_index:end_index:step].
The start_index is the index of the first element to include in the slice. If not specified, it defaults to 0.
The end_index is the index of the first element to exclude from the slice. If not specified, it defaults to the length of the list.
The step parameter specifies the step size between elements in the slice. If not specified, it defaults to 1.
All parameters can be negative, in which case they specify the index relative to the end of the list. For example, my_list[-1] refers to the last element of the list.
Slicing returns a new list that contains the specified range of elements from the original list.

You can also use slicing to access a subset of the list. Slicing allows you to extract a range of elements from the list. Here’s an example:

# Define a list
my_list = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'date', 'elderberry']

# Slice to get the first three elements
first_three = my_list[0:3]  # ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']

# Slice to get elements from index 2 to the end
from_second_onwards = my_list[2:]  # ['cherry', 'date', 'elderberry']

# Slice to get the last two elements
last_two = my_list[-2:]  # ['date', 'elderberry']

# Slice with a step of 2 (every second element)
every_second = my_list[::2]  # ['apple', 'cherry', 'elderberry']

# Print the results
print("First three elements:", first_three)
print("From second onwards:", from_second_onwards)
print("Last two elements:", last_two)
print("Every second element:", every_second)

In the example above, we used slicing to extract a subset of the list that starts at index 0 and ends at index 3 ( not including index 3 ).

Python List Methods:

Lists in Python have many built-in methods that you can use to modify or manipulate the list. Here are some of the most commonly used methods:

append() – It is used to add an element to the end of the list.

# Define a list
my_list = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']

# Add an element to the end of the list
my_list.append('date')

# Print the updated list
print(my_list)

extend() – It is used to add the elements of another list to the end of the list or to combine two lists.

# Define a list
my_list = ['apple', 'banana']

# Extend the list with a tuple
my_list.extend(('cherry', 'date'))

# Extend the list with a set
my_list.extend({'elderberry', 'fig'})

# Print the updated list
print(my_list)

insert() – It is used to insert an element at a specific position in the list.

# Define a list
my_list = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']

# Insert an element at index 1
my_list.insert(1, 'date')

# Print the updated list
print(my_list)

4. remove() – It is used to remove the first occurrence of an element from the list.

# Define a list
my_list = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'banana']

# Remove the first occurrence of 'banana'
my_list.remove('banana')

# Print the updated list
print(my_list)

pop() – It removes and returns the element at a specific position in the list.

# Define a list
my_list = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']

# Remove and return the last element
removed_element = my_list.pop()

# Print the updated list and the removed element
print("Updated list:", my_list)
print("Removed element:", removed_element)

6. sort() – It sorts the elements of the list in ascending order.

# Define a list of numbers
my_list = [3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 6]

# Sort the list in descending order
my_list.sort(reverse=True)

# Print the sorted list
print(my_list)

7 .reverse() – It reverses the order of the elements in the list.

# Define a list of strings
my_list = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']

# Reverse the list
my_list.reverse()

# Print the reversed list
print(my_list)

clear() – It is used to remove all elements from a list, effectively emptying the list. After the clear() function is applied to a list, the list becomes empty with a length of 0.

# Define a list of strings
my_list = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']

# Clear all elements from the list
my_list.clear()

# Print the cleared list
print(my_list)

copy() – It creates a shallow copy of a list. The shallow copy means that a new list is created with the same elements as the original list, but the elements themselves are not duplicated. Any changes made to the elements in the copied list will also affect the original list, and vice versa.

# Define a list with immutable elements
my_list = [1, 2, 3]

# Create a shallow copy of the list
my_list_copy = my_list.copy()

# Modify the copied list
my_list_copy.append(4)

# Print both lists
print("Original list:", my_list)
print("Copied list:", my_list_copy)

index() – It is used to find the index of the first occurrence of a specified element within a list. If the element is not found in the list, it raises a ValueError.

# Define a list
my_list = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']

# Find the index of 'banana'
index_of_banana = my_list.index('banana')

# Print the index
print("Index of 'banana':", index_of_banana)

count() – It is used to count the number of occurrences of a specified element in a list.

# Define a list
my_list = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'banana', 'apple']

# Count occurrences of 'banana'
banana_count = my_list.count('banana')

# Print the count
print("Count of 'banana':", banana_count)

Updating list values:

Lists in Python are mutable, and their values can be updated by using the slice and assignment the ( = ) operator.

# Define a list
my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

# Remove elements at indices 1 to 3
my_list[1:4] = []

# Print the updated list
print(my_list)

Built-in function for Python lists:

Here are some examples of commonly used built-in functions for lists in Python:

len(): It returns the length of the list.

# Define a list
my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

# Get the length of the list
list_length = len(my_list)

# Print the length
print("Length of the list:", list_length)

max(): It returns the largest element in the list.

# Define a list of numbers
my_list = [1, 5, 3, 9, 2]

# Get the largest element in the list
largest_element = max(my_list)

# Print the largest element
print("Largest element:", largest_element)

min(): It returns the smallest element in the list.

# Define a list of numbers
my_list = [10, 5, 20, 3, 8]

# Get the smallest element in the list
smallest_element = min(my_list)

# Print the smallest element
print("Smallest element:", smallest_element)

sum(): It returns the sum of all elements in the list.

# Define a list of numbers
my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

# Calculate the sum of the elements in the list
total_sum = sum(my_list)

# Print the total sum
print("Sum of the list:", total_sum)

5. sorted(): It returns a new sorted list.

# Define a list of numbers
my_list = [5, 2, 9, 1, 5, 6]

# Get a new sorted list
sorted_list = sorted(my_list)

# Print the sorted list
print("Sorted list:", sorted_list)

list(): It converts an iterable to a list.

# Define a tuple
my_tuple = (1, 2, 3, 4)

# Convert the tuple to a list
my_list = list(my_tuple)

# Print the list
print("List from tuple:", my_list)

7. any(): It returns True if at least one element in the list is True.

# Define a list of Boolean values
my_list = [False, False, True, False]

# Check if any element is True
result = any(my_list)

# Print the result
print("Any True in the list:", result)

all(): It returns True if all elements in the list are True.

# Define a list of Boolean values
my_list = [True, True, True]

# Check if all elements are True
result = all(my_list)

# Print the result
print("All True in the list:", result)

9. enumerate(): It returns an iterator that contains tuples of (index, element) pairs.

# Define a list
my_list = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']

# Use enumerate to get index and element
for index, element in enumerate(my_list):
    print(f"Index: {index}, Element: {element}")

zip(): It returns an iterator that aggregates elements from multiple lists into tuples.

# Define two lists
list1 = [1, 2, 3]
list2 = ['a', 'b', 'c']

# Use zip to combine them into tuples
zipped = zip(list1, list2)

# Convert the zipped object to a list and print
zipped_list = list(zipped)
print(zipped_list)

11.reversed(): It returns a reverse iterator that can be used to iterate over a list in reverse order.

# Define a list
my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

# Convert the reversed iterator to a list
reversed_list = list(reversed(my_list))

# Print the reversed list
print(reversed_list)

Iterating over a list

We can use a for loop to iterate over the list elements. Here’s an example:

# Define a list of fruits
fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'date']

# Use a for loop to iterate over the list
for fruit in fruits:
    print(fruit)

Membership operator in list

We can use operator (i.e. in or not in) on list elements. If an element is in list then it returns True. If an element is not in list it return False. Here’s an example:

# Example list
fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'date']

# Using 'in' to check if an element is in the list
print('apple' in fruits)  # Output: True
print('orange' in fruits)  # Output: False


# Using 'not in' to check if an element is not in the list
print('grape' not in fruits)  # Output: True
print('banana' not in fruits)  # Output: False

Repetition on list

We can use (*) operator for repetition of list. Here’s an example:

# Example list
fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']

# Using * operator for repetition
repeated_list = fruits * 3

print(repeated_list)
# Output: ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'apple', 'banana', 'cherry']

Concatenation on list

We can use (+) operator for concatenation of list. Here’s an example:

# Example lists
list1 = ['apple', 'banana']
list2 = ['cherry', 'date']

# Using + operator for concatenation
combined_list = list1 + list2

print(combined_list)
# Output: ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'date']

List Comprehension

List comprehension is a concise and expressive way of creating lists in Python. It allows you to define a list and its elements within a single line of code, combining the functionality of a for loop, optional if conditions, and even nested loops. List comprehensions are preferred for their readability and efficiency compared to traditional for loops.

Simple For Loop List Comprehension:

This type of list comprehension is used to create a list by iterating over elements from an iterable (e.g., list, tuple, string) without any filtering or conditions. Here’s an example:

# Example list
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

# List comprehension without filtering or conditions
new_list = [num for num in numbers]

print(new_list)  # Output: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

Loop and If Condition List Comprehension:

This type of list comprehension includes an if condition to filter elements while iterating over the iterable. Only elements that satisfy the condition are included in the new list. Here’s an example:

# Example list
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

# List comprehension with an if condition
even_numbers = [num for num in numbers if num % 2 == 0]

print(even_numbers)  # Output: [2, 4, 6]

Loop and If-Else Condition List Comprehension:

This type of list comprehension allows you to perform different operations based on the if-else condition while iterating over the iterable. Here’s an example:

# Example list
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

# List comprehension with if-else condition
result = ['Even' if num % 2 == 0 else 'Odd' for num in numbers]

print(result)
# Output: ['Odd', 'Even', 'Odd', 'Even', 'Odd', 'Even']

Nested Loop List Comprehension:

This type of list comprehension allows you to use nested loops for creating more complex lists by iterating over multiple iterables simultaneously. Here’s an example:

# Example nested loops
colors = ['red', 'green', 'blue']
objects = ['ball', 'box', 'pen']

# List comprehension with nested loops
combinations = [f"{color} {obj}" for color in colors for obj in objects]

print(combinations)
# Output: ['red ball', 'red box', 'red pen', 'green ball', 'green box', 'green pen', 'blue ball', 'blue box', 'blue pen']

Shallow Copy and Deep Copy of Lists in Python:

In Python, when dealing with lists or other compound data structures, understanding the concepts of shallow copy and deep copy is crucial. Both concepts involve creating a new copy of an existing list, but they differ in how they handle nested objects within the list.

Shallow Copy:

A shallow copy of a list creates a new list object but does not create copies of the elements inside the list. Instead, it copies references to the original objects. This means that changes made to nested objects within the copied list will affect the original list, and vice versa. To perform a shallow copy, you can use the `copy()` method or the slicing notation `[:]`. Example of Shallow Copy:

import copy

# Original list with a nested list
original_list = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]

# Shallow copy using the copy() method
shallow_copy1 = original_list.copy()

# Shallow copy using slicing notation
shallow_copy2 = original_list[:]

# Modifying a nested element in the copied list
shallow_copy1[0][0] = 99

print("Original List:", original_list)
# Output: Original List: [[99, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]

print("Shallow Copy 1:", shallow_copy1)
# Output: Shallow Copy 1: [[99, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]

print("Shallow Copy 2:", shallow_copy2)
# Output: Shallow Copy 2: [[99, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]

Deep Copy:

A deep copy of a list creates a new list object and also recursively creates copies of all the nested objects within the original list. In other words, the copied list and its nested objects are entirely independent of the original list and its nested objects. To perform a deep copy, you need to use the `deepcopy()` function from the `copy` module. Example of Deep Copy:

import copy

# Original list with nested lists
original_list = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]

# Creating a deep copy
deep_copy = copy.deepcopy(original_list)

# Modifying a nested element in the deep copy
deep_copy[0][0] = 99

print("Original List:", original_list)
# Output: Original List: [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]

print("Deep Copy:", deep_copy)
# Output: Deep Copy: [[99, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]

Shallow copy is faster and suitable when you want to create a new list but share references to nested objects. Deep copy is appropriate when you need an entirely independent copy of the original list and all its nested objects.

Python Loops

Python Loops Tutorial

Introduction:

Loops are a fundamental concept in programming that allow you to repeatedly execute a block of code. In Python, there are mainly two types of loops: the for loop and the while loop.

Python loop features:

Iteration: Loops in Python allow for iteration, which means executing a block of code repeatedly. This is useful when you need to perform the same operation multiple times.
Loop Variables: In a `for` loop, you can define a loop variable that takes on each item from a sequence or iterable in each iteration. This allows you to perform operations on each item individually.
Range-based Loops: Python provides the `range()` function, which generates a sequence of numbers that can be used with loops. It allows you to specify the start, end, and step size for the sequence.
Loop Control Statements: Python loops offer control statements such as `break`, `continue`, and `pass` to modify the loop’s behavior.

– `break` terminates the loop prematurely, and control transfers to the next statement outside the loop.

– `continue` skips the remaining code in the current iteration and moves on to the next iteration.

– `pass` is a placeholder statement that does nothing. It can be used when a statement is required syntactically, but you want to skip its execution.

Nested Loops: Python allows nesting loops, meaning you can have loops within loops. This is useful for performing complex iterations or dealing with multi-dimensional data structures.
While Loops: In addition to `for` loops, Python also supports `while` loops. While loops continue to execute a block of code as long as a given condition is true.
Flexibility: Python loops provide flexibility and versatility in controlling the flow of execution. You can incorporate conditional statements, iterate over various data structures, and control the loop’s behavior using control statements.

Python loop advantages:

Code Reusability: Loops allow you to write reusable code by performing repetitive tasks or operations on multiple elements or data. Instead of writing the same code multiple times, you can encapsulate it within a loop and iterate over the desired elements.
Efficient Data Processing: Loops enable you to process large amounts of data or perform computations on collections of elements. By iterating over data structures like lists, tuples, or dictionaries, you can access and manipulate each item individually.
Automation: Loops are essential for automating tasks and actions that need to be performed repeatedly. You can automate processes such as data parsing, file handling, or web scraping by utilizing loops to iterate over data sources or execute a series of actions.
Dynamic Iteration: Python loops allow for dynamic iteration, where the number of iterations is determined during runtime. For example, you can use loops to iterate over a user-provided range of values or until a specific condition is met. This flexibility makes Python loops adaptable to various scenarios.
Nested Looping: Python supports nested loops, allowing you to iterate over multiple dimensions or levels of data structures. This capability is useful when working with multi-dimensional arrays, matrices, or nested lists, as it allows you to process each element in a structured and organized manner.
Control Flow: Python loops provide control flow statements such as `break`, `continue`, and `pass`. These statements offer greater control over the loop’s behavior and allow you to alter the normal flow of execution based on specific conditions. This flexibility enhances the efficiency and effectiveness of your code.
Readability and Maintainability: Python’s syntax and indentation structure contribute to the readability and maintainability of loops. The clear and concise syntax makes it easier to understand and debug code that involves loops. Additionally, loops can be easily modified or extended, making them more maintainable in the long run.

Python loop disadvantages:

Performance Impact: Depending on the complexity of the loop and the number of iterations, Python loops can sometimes be slower compared to other approaches such as vectorized operations or using built-in functions like `map()` or `filter()`. This can impact performance when dealing with large datasets or computationally intensive tasks.
Nested Loops and Complexity: Nested loops, while providing flexibility, can result in increased code complexity. Managing multiple levels of iteration can make the code harder to read, understand, and maintain. It may also lead to potential bugs or errors, especially when dealing with larger nested loops.
Inefficient Iteration over Large Data: When iterating over large data structures, such as lists or dictionaries, Python loops may not be the most efficient option. Certain operations like appending to a list within a loop can result in quadratic time complexity, leading to slower execution.
Lack of Parallelization: Python loops typically execute sequentially, one iteration after another. This means they do not naturally lend themselves to parallelization or taking advantage of multiple processor cores. For computationally intensive tasks, parallelizing the code using techniques like multiprocessing or concurrent programming may be more efficient.
Infinite Loop Possibility: In `while` loops, there is a risk of accidentally creating an infinite loop if the exit condition is not correctly defined or updated within the loop. This can lead to program freezing or consuming excessive resources.
Code Duplication: Loops can sometimes lead to code duplication, especially if similar loop structures are used in different parts of the codebase. This duplication can make code maintenance more challenging, as changes or bug fixes may need to be applied to multiple sections.
Readability Challenges: Complex loop structures or deeply nested loops may reduce code readability, particularly for those who are less familiar with Python or the specific codebase. It is important to strike a balance between using loops for efficiency and maintaining code clarity.

Python loop types:

For loop: A `for` loop is used to iterate over a sequence (such as a list, tuple, string, or range) or any iterable object. It executes a set of statements for each item in the sequence. Here’s the syntax of a `for` loop in Python:

The loop variable (`item` in the example) takes on each item from the sequence in each iteration, allowing you to perform operations on it. The loop continues until all items in the sequence have been processed. Here’s an example of a `for` loop that prints each element in a list:

While loop: A `while` loop is used to repeatedly execute a block of code as long as a certain condition is true. It continues iterating until the condition becomes false. Here’s the syntax of a `while` loop in Python:

The loop checks the condition before each iteration. If the condition is true, the code block is executed. The loop continues until the condition evaluates to false. Here’s an example of a `while` loop that prints numbers from 1 to 5:

In this example, the loop continues as long as the value of `count` is less than or equal to 5. The variable ‘count’ is incremented by 1 in each iteration.

Python loop control statement:

Break statement: The `break` statement is used to exit a loop prematurely. When encountered inside a loop, the `break` statement immediately terminates the loop and transfers control to the next statement outside the loop. Here’s an example that uses a `break` statement to stop a loop when a certain condition is met:

In this example, the loop iterates over the `numbers` list. When the value of `value ` becomes 4, the `break` statement is encountered, causing the loop to terminate immediately.

Continue statement: The `continue` statement is used to skip the remaining code inside a loop for the current iteration and move on to the next iteration. It allows you to bypass certain iterations based on a condition. Here’s an example that uses a `continue` statement to skip printing even numbers:

In this example, the loop iterates over the `numbers` list. When an even number is encountered (`value % 2 == 0`), the `continue` statement is executed, and the remaining code inside the loop is skipped for that iteration.

Pass statement: The `pass` statement is a placeholder statement that does nothing. It is used when a statement is syntactically required, but you want to skip its execution. It can be used inside loops to create empty loops or as a placeholder for future code. Here’s an example that uses a `pass` statement inside a loop:

In this example, the loop iterates five times, but since there is no code inside the loop, it effectively does nothing.

These loop control statements provide flexibility and control over the execution flow within loops. They help in handling specific conditions or terminating loops when necessary.

Conditional statement with python loops:

For loop – We can use conditional statements within a Python `for` loop to perform different actions based on specific conditions. Here’s an example:

In this example, we have a list of fruits. Within the `for` loop, we use conditional statements (`if`, `elif`, and `else`) to check the value of each `fruit` variable.

– If the `fruit` is ‘banana’, it will print “I like bananas!”.

– If the `fruit` is ‘apple’, it will print “Apples are my favorite”.

– For any other fruit, it will print “I enjoy eating” followed by the name of the fruit.

The `if` statement checks if the condition is true, and if it is, the corresponding code block is executed. The `elif` statement allows for additional conditions to be checked, and the `else` statement provides a default action when none of the previous conditions are true.

While loop – We can use conditional statements within a Python `while` loop to control the loop’s execution based on specific conditions. Here’s an example:

In this example, we have a `while` loop that continues until the `count` variable reaches 6. Within the loop, we use a conditional statement (`if`) to check if the `count` is equal to 2.

– If the `count` is 2, it will print “Skipping count 2”, and then use the `continue` statement to skip the remaining code in the loop for that iteration and move on to the next iteration.

– For any other value of `count`, it will print “Current count:” followed by the value of `count`.

By updating the value of `count` within the loop, we ensure that the loop eventually terminates when the condition `count <= 5` becomes false.

Python Conditional Statements

Introduction:

In Python, the if-else statement allows you to execute different blocks of code based on certain conditions. It provides a way to make decisions and control the flow of your program.

The basic syntax of an if-else statement in Python is as follows:

if condition:
    # Code block to execute if the condition is True
else:
    # Code block to execute if the condition is False

The condition is an expression that evaluates to either True or False. If the condition is True, the code block immediately following the if statement will be executed. Otherwise, if the condition is False, the code block following the else statement will be executed.

Let’s look at an example to understand it better. Suppose we want to check whether a given number is positive or negative:

number = int(input("Enter a number: "))
if number > 0:
    print("The number is positive.")
else:
    print("The number is negative or zero.")

In this example, we use the input() function to get a number from the user, convert it to an integer using int(), and store it in the number variable. The if-else statement then checks whether the number is greater than zero. If it is, it prints “The number is positive.” Otherwise, it prints “The number is negative or zero.”

You can also use multiple if-else statements together to handle more complex conditions. Here’s an example that checks whether a number is positive, negative, or zero:

number = int(input("Enter a number: "))
if number > 0:
    print("The number is positive.")
elif number < 0:
    print("The number is negative.")
else:
    print("The number is zero.")

In this case, the elif statement allows us to check an additional condition. If the first condition is False, it moves to the elif statement and checks whether the number is less than zero. If that condition is True, it prints “The number is negative.” Finally, if both the first and second conditions are False, it executes the code block under the else statement and prints “The number is zero.”

Python conditional statement features:

`if` statement: The `if` statement is the fundamental building block of a conditional statement. It allows you to execute a block of code if a certain condition is true. The syntax of the `if` statement is as follows:

if condition:
        # Code block to execute if the condition is True

`else` statement: The `else` statement is used in conjunction with the `if` statement. It provides an alternative block of code to execute when the condition in the `if` statement is false. The syntax is as follows:

if condition:
       # Code block to execute if the condition is True
   else:
       # Code block to execute if the condition is False

`elif` statement: The `elif` statement allows you to check additional conditions after an initial `if` statement. It provides a way to handle multiple cases within the same conditional statement. The syntax is as follows:

if condition1:
       # Code block to execute if condition1 is True
   elif condition2:
       # Code block to execute if condition1 is False and condition2 is True
   else:
       # Code block to execute if all conditions are False

Nested conditional statements: Python allows you to nest if-else statements within other if-else statements. This means that you can have if-else statements inside the code blocks of other if-else statements. This feature enables handling more complex conditions and creating decision trees.
Logical operators: Python provides logical operators such as `and`, `or`, and `not` that allow you to combine multiple conditions. These operators can be used within the condition of an if statement to create more complex conditions.
Ternary operator: Python supports a ternary operator, which provides a concise way to write conditional expressions in a single line. The syntax is as follows:

value_if_true if condition else value_if_false

This operator allows you to assign a value based on a condition without writing a full if-else statement.

Python conditional statements advantages:

Decision-making: Conditional statements provide a way to make decisions in your Python programs. They allow you to execute different blocks of code based on the evaluation of specific conditions. This enables your program to respond dynamically to different situations and perform different actions as needed.
Flexibility: Conditional statements provide flexibility in controlling the flow of your program. By using conditions, you can define different paths or branches of execution based on varying inputs or states. This flexibility allows you to handle diverse scenarios and customize the behavior of your program accordingly.
Code organization: Using conditional statements helps in organizing your code. By dividing your code into blocks based on conditions, you can make it more structured and readable. Each block of code within a conditional statement represents a specific case or behavior, making it easier to understand the logic and purpose of different parts of your program.
Error handling: Conditional statements are often used for error handling and exception handling in Python. By checking certain conditions, you can identify and handle specific error scenarios or exceptional cases appropriately. This allows you to anticipate and respond to errors or unexpected inputs, improving the overall robustness of your program.
Code efficiency: Conditional statements can help optimize your code by selectively executing relevant blocks of code based on conditions. This can reduce unnecessary computations or operations, improving the efficiency and performance of your program. For example, you can include conditional checks to avoid executing resource-intensive code when certain conditions are not met.
Complex decision trees: With the ability to nest conditional statements and combine logical operators, you can create complex decision trees in Python. This allows you to handle intricate conditions and multiple cases effectively. By structuring your code in this manner, you can handle a wide range of possibilities and make your programs more adaptable to diverse scenarios.

Python conditional statement disadvantages:

Code complexity: As the number of conditions and branches increases, conditional statements can make the code more complex and harder to understand. Nested if-else statements or multiple elif conditions can make the code difficult to follow and maintain, leading to potential bugs or errors.
Code duplication: In certain cases, conditional statements can result in code duplication. If similar blocks of code need to be executed in different branches of the conditional statements, you may end up duplicating that code, which can lead to maintenance issues. Code duplication can make it harder to update or modify the logic consistently across multiple branches.
Readability and maintainability: While conditional statements can provide flexibility, excessive or poorly organized conditional logic can decrease code readability and maintainability. If the conditional statements become too complex or nested, it may become challenging for other developers (including yourself in the future) to understand the code and make modifications.
Potential for errors: The use of conditional statements introduces the possibility of logical errors, such as incorrect conditions or unintended behavior due to missing conditions. It’s important to carefully design and test the conditions to ensure they cover all relevant cases and produce the expected results.
Scalability: Conditional statements may become less scalable when handling a large number of conditions or cases. If the number of conditions grows significantly, maintaining and extending the conditional logic can become cumbersome. In such cases, alternative approaches, such as using dictionaries or lookup tables, may be more appropriate to handle complex mappings or decision-making.
Code coupling: Conditional statements can introduce tight coupling between different parts of your code, especially if the conditions rely on specific variables or states. This can make it harder to modify or refactor your code in the future without affecting other parts of the program.

Python conditional statement – If statement:

In Python, the if statement allows you to execute a block of code only if a certain condition is true. It provides a way to make decisions and control the flow of your program.The basic syntax of an if statement in Python is as follows:

age = 20

if age >= 18:
    print("You are an adult.")

The `condition` is an expression that evaluates to either `True` or `False`. If the condition is `True`, the code block immediately following the `if` statement will be executed. Otherwise, if the condition is `False`, the code block will be skipped, and the program will continue with the next line of code. Here’s an example:

temperature = 30

if temperature > 25:
    print("It's a hot day!")
print("Enjoy your day.")

In this example, we use the `input()` function to get a number from the user, convert it to an integer using `int()`, and store it in the `number` variable. The if statement then checks whether the number is greater than zero. If it is, it executes the code block under the if statement and prints “The number is positive.”

Python conditional statement – If-else statement:

In Python, the if-else statement allows you to execute different blocks of code based on certain conditions. It provides a way to make decisions and control the flow of your program. The basic syntax of an if-else statement in Python is as follows:

if condition:
    # code to execute if condition is true
else:
    # code to execute if condition is false

The `condition` is an expression that evaluates to either `True` or `False`. If the condition is `True`, the code block immediately following the `if` statement will be executed. Otherwise, if the condition is `False`, the code block following the `else` statement will be executed. Here’s an example:

score = 75

if score >= 60:
    print("Congratulations, you passed!")
else:
    print("Sorry, you failed.")

In this example, we use the `input()` function to get a number from the user, convert it to an integer using `int()`, and store it in the `number` variable. The if-else statement then checks whether the number is greater than zero. If it is, it executes the code block under the `if` statement and prints “The number is positive.” Otherwise, if the number is not greater than zero, it executes the code block under the `else` statement and prints “The number is negative or zero.”

Python conditional statement – elif statement:

In Python, the `elif` statement allows you to check additional conditions after an initial `if` statement. It provides a way to handle multiple cases and execute different blocks of code based on the conditions. The basic syntax of an `elif` statement in Python is as follows:

if condition1:
    # code to execute if condition1 is true
elif condition2:
    # code to execute if condition2 is true
else:
    # code to execute if neither condition1 nor condition2 is true

You can have as many `elif` statements as needed to handle different conditions. The conditions are evaluated one by one, from top to bottom. If a condition is `True`, the corresponding code block will be executed, and the remaining conditions will be skipped. If none of the conditions are `True`, the code block under the `else` statement will be executed. Here’s an example:

temperature = 45

if temperature > 85:
    print("It's really hot outside.")
elif temperature > 70:
    print("It's warm outside.")
elif temperature > 55:
    print("It's cool outside.")
elif temperature > 32:
    print("It's cold outside.")
else:
    print("It's freezing outside!")

In this example, we use the `input()` function to get the student’s score, convert it to an integer using `int()`, and store it in the `score` variable. The `elif` statements check the score against different ranges to determine the letter grade. If the score is greater than or equal to 90, it assigns the grade ‘A’. If the score is between 80 and 89, it assigns ‘B’, and so on. If none of the conditions are met, it assigns ‘F’ as the grade. Finally, we print the grade using the `print()` function.

Python nested conditional statement – nested if-else statements:

In Python, nested if-else statements allow you to have if-else statements within other if-else statements. They provide a way to handle complex conditions and execute different blocks of code based on multiple conditions. The basic syntax of a nested if-else statement in Python is as follows:

if condition1:
    # code to execute if condition1 is true
    if condition2:
        # code to execute if condition1 and condition2 true
    else:
        # code execute if condition1 true but condition2 false
else:
    # code to execute if condition1 is false

In a nested if-else statement, the inner if-else statement is indented further to the right than the outer if-else statement. The inner if-else statement is evaluated only if the condition of the outer if statement is `True`. Here’s an example:

age = 25
has_membership = True

if age >= 18:
    if has_membership:
        print("Welcome to the exclusive club!")
    else:
        print("Membership required for entry.")
else:
    print("You must be 18 or older to enter.")

In this example, we use the `input()` function to get the student’s score and whether they earned extra credit. The `elif` statements check the score against different ranges to determine the letter grade. However, the grade also depends on whether the student earned extra credit.

If the score is greater than or equal to 90, it checks the `credit` variable. If it is ‘yes’, it assigns the grade ‘A+’. Otherwise, it assigns ‘A’.

Similarly, for scores between 80 and 89, it checks the `credit` variable to assign either ‘B+’ or ‘B’.

If none of the conditions are met, it assigns ‘F’ as the grade.

Finally, we print the grade using the `print()` function.

P ython If else Practice Programs

Python String Programs, Exercises, Examples

Python string is a sequence of characters, such as “hello”. They can be used to represent text in a programming language. Strings can be created by enclosing a sequence of characters between double quotes, such as “hello”, or by using the str() function.

1). Write a Python program to get a string made of the first and the last 2 chars from a given string. If the string length is less than 2, return instead of the empty string

2). Python string program that takes a list of strings and returns the length of the longest string.

3). Python string program to get a string made of 4 copies of the last two characters of a specified string (length must be at least 2).

4). Python string program to reverse a string if it’s length is a multiple of 4.

5). Python string program to count occurrences of a substring in a string.

6). Python string program to test whether a passed letter is a vowel or consonant.

7). Find the longest and smallest word in the input string.

8). Print most simultaneously repeated characters in the input string.

9). Write a Python program to calculate the length of a string with loop logic.

10). Write a Python program to replace the second occurrence of any char with the special character $.
Input = “Programming”
Output = “Prog$am$in$”

11). Write a python program to get to swap the last character of a given string.
Input = “SqaTool”
Output = “IqaTooS”

12). Write a python program to exchange the first and last character of each word from the given string.
Input = “Its Online Learning”
Output = “stI enlino gearninL”

13). Write a python to count vowels from each word in the given string show as dictionary output.
Input = “We are Learning Python Codding”
output = {“We” : 1, “are” : 2, “Learning” : 3, “Python”:1, “Codding”}

14). Write a python to repeat vowels 3 times and consonants 2 times.
Input = “Sqa Tools Learning”
Ouput = “SSqqaaa TToooooollss LLeeeaaarrnniiinngg”

15). Write a python program to re-arrange the string.
Input = “Cricket Plays Virat”
Output = “Virat Plays Cricket”

16). Write a python program to get all the digits from the given string.
Input = “””
Sinak’s 1112 aim is to 1773 create a new generation of people who
understand 444 that an organization’s 5324 success or failure is
based on 555 leadership excellence and not managerial
acumen
“””
Output = [1112, 5324, 1773, 5324, 555]

17). Write a python program to replace the words “Java” with “Python” in the given string.
Input = “JAVA is the Best Programming Language in the Market”
Output = “Python is the Best Programming Language in the Market”

18). Write a Python program to get all the palindrome words from the string.
Input = “Python efe language aakaa hellolleh”
output = [“efe”, “aakaa”, “hellolleh”]

19). Write a Python program to create a string with a given list of words.
Input = [“There”, “are”, “Many”, “Programming”, “Language”]
Output = There are many programming languages.

20). Write a Python program to remove duplicate words from the string.
Input = “John jany sabi row john sabi”
output = “John jany sabi row”

21). Write a Python to remove unwanted characters from the given string.
Input = “Prog^ra*m#ming”
Output = “Programming”

Input = “Py(th)#@&on Pro$*#gram”
Output = “PythonProgram”

22). Write a Python program to find the longest capital letter word from the string.
Input = “Learning PYTHON programming is FUN”
Output = “PYTHON”

23). Write a Python program to get common words from strings.
Input String1 = “Very Good Morning, How are You”
Input String1 = “You are a Good student, keep it up”
Output = “You Good are”

24). Write a Python program to find the smallest and largest word in a given string.
Input = “Learning is a part of life and we strive”
Output = “a”, “Learning”

25). Check whether the given string is a palindrome (similar) or not.
Input= sqatoolssqatools
Output= Given string is not a palindrome

26). Write a program using python to reverse the words in a string.
Input= sqatools python
Output= slootaqs

27). Write a program to calculate the length of a string.
Input= “python”
Output = 6

28). Write a program to calculate the frequency of each character in a string.
Input = “sqatools”
Output = {‘s’:2, ‘q’:1, ‘a’: 1, ‘t’:1,‘o’:2, ‘l’:1, ‘s’:1}

29). Write a program to combine two strings into one.
Input:
A = ’abc’
B = ’def’
Output = abcdef

30). Write a program to print characters at even places in a string.
Input = ‘sqatools’
Output = saol

31). Write a program to check if a string has a number or not.
Input = ‘python1’
Output = ‘Given string have a number’

32). Write a python program to count the number of vowels in a string.
Input= ‘I am learning python’
Output= 6

33). Write a python program to count the number of consonants in a string.
Input= ‘sqltools’
Output= 6

34). Write a program to print characters at odd places in a string.
Input = ‘abcdefg’
Output = ‘bdf’

35). Write a program to remove all duplicate characters from a given string in python.
Input = ‘sqatools’
Output = ‘sqatol’

36). Write a program to check if a string has a special character or not
Input = ‘python$$#sqatools’
Output = ‘Given string has special characters

37). Write a program to exchange the first and last letters of the string
Input = We are learning python
Output = ne are learning pythoW

38). Write a program to convert all the characters in a string to Upper Case.
Input = ‘I live in pune’
Output = ‘I LIVE IN PUNE’

39). Write a program to remove a new line from a string using python.
Input = ‘objectorientedprogramming\n’
Output = ‘Objectorientedprogramming’

40). Write a python program to split and join a string
Input =‘Hello world’
Output = [‘Hello’, ‘world’]
Hello-world

41). Write a program to print floating numbers up to 3 decimal places and convert it to string.
Input = 2.14652
Output= 2.146

42). Write a program to convert numeric words to numbers.
Input = ‘five four three two one’
Output = 54321

43). Write a python program to find the location of a word in a string
Input Word = ‘problems’
Input string = ‘ I am solving problems based on strings’
Output = 4

44). Write a program to count occurrences of a word in a string.

Word = ‘food’
Input str = ‘ I want to eat fast food’
Occurrences output= 1

Word = ‘are’
Input str = “We are learning Python, wow are you”
Occurrences output = 2

45). Write a python program to find the least frequent character in a string.
Input = ‘abcdabdggfhf’
Output = ‘c’

46). Find the words greater than the given length.
Ex length = 3
Input = ‘We are learning python’
Output – ‘learning python’

47). Write a program to get the first 4 characters of a string.
Input = ‘Sqatools’
Output = ‘sqat’

48). Write a Python program to get a string made of the first 2 and the last 2 chars from a given string.
Input = ‘Sqatools’
Output = ‘Sqls’

49). Write a python program to print the mirror image of the string.
Input = ‘Python’
Output = ‘nohtyp

50). Write a python program to split strings on vowels
Input = ‘qwerty’
Output = ‘qw rty’

51). Write a python program to replace multiple words with certain words.
Input = “I’m learning python at Sqatools”
Replace python with SQA and sqatools with TOOLS
Output = “I’m learning SQA at TOOLS “

52). Write a python program to replace different characters in the string at once.
Input = ‘Sqatool python’
Replace a with 1,
Replace t with 2,
Replace o with 3
Output = ‘sq1233l py2h3n”

53). Write a python program to remove empty spaces from a list of strings.
Input = [‘Python’, ‘ ‘, ‘ ‘, ‘sqatools’]
Output = [‘Python’, ‘sqatools’]

54). Write a python program to remove punctuations from a string
Input = ‘Sqatools : is best, for python’
Output = ‘Sqatools is best for python’

55). Write a python program to find duplicate characters in a string
Input = “hello world”
Output = ‘lo’

56). Write a python program to check whether the string is a subset of another string or not
Input str1 = “iamlearningpythonatsqatools”
str = ‘pystlmi’
Output = True

57). Write a python program to sort a string
Input = ‘xyabkmp’
Output = ‘abkmpxy’

58). Write a python program to generate a random binary string of a given length.
Input = 8
Output = 10001001

59). Write a python program to check if the substring is present in the string or not
Input string= ‘I live in Pune’
Substring= ‘I live ‘
Output = ‘Yes

60). Write a program to find all substring frequencies in a string.
Input str1 = “abab”
Output = {‘a’: 2, ‘ab’: 2, ‘aba’: 1,‘abab’: 1, ‘b’: 2, ‘ba’: 1, ‘bab’: 1}

61). Write a python program to print the index of the character in a string.
Input = ‘Sqatools’
Output = ‘The index of q is 1’

62). Write a program to strip spaces from a string.
Input = ‘ sqaltoolspythonfun ‘
Output = ‘ sqaltoolspythonfun’

63). Write a program to check whether a string contains all letters of the alphabet or not.
Input = ‘abcdgjksoug’
Output = False

64). Write a python program to convert a string into a list of words.
Input = ‘learning python is fun’
Output = [learning, python, is, fun]

65). Write a python program to swap commas and dots in a string.
Input = sqa,tools.python
Output = sqa.tools,python

66). Write a python program to count and display the vowels in a string
Input = ‘welcome to Sqatools’
Output = 7

67). Write a Python program to split a string on the last occurrence of the delimiter.
Input = ‘l,e,a,r,n,I,n,g,p,y,t,h,o,n’
Output = [‘l,e,a,r,n,I,n,g,p,y,t,h,o ‘ ,’n’]

68). Write a Python program to find the first repeated word in a given string.
Input = ‘ab bc ca ab bd’
Output = ‘ab’

69). Write a program to find the second most repeated word in a given string using python.
Input = ‘ab bc ac ab bd ac nk hj ac’
Output = (‘ab’, 2)

70). Write a Python program to remove spaces from a given string.
Input = ‘python at sqatools’
Output = ‘pythonatsqatools’

71). Write a Python program to capitalize the first and last letters of each word of a given string.
Input = ‘this is my first program’
Output = ‘ThiS IS MY FirsT PrograM’

72). Write a Python program to calculate the sum of digits of a given string.
Input = ’12sqatools78′
Output = 18

73). Write a Python program to remove zeros from an IP address.
Input = 289.03.02.054
Output = 289.3.2.54

74). Write a program to find the maximum length of consecutive 0’s in a given binary string using python.
Input = 10001100000111
Output = 5

75). Write a program to remove all consecutive duplicates of a given string using python.
Input = ‘xxxxyy’
Output = ‘xy’

76). Write a program to create strings from a given string. Create a string that consists of multi-time occurring characters in the said string using python.
Input = “aabbcceffgh”
Output = ‘abcf’

77). Write a Python program to create a string from two given strings combining uncommon characters of the said strings.

Input string :
s1 = ‘abcdefg’
s2 = ‘xyzabcd’
Output string : ‘efgxyz’

78). Write a Python code to remove all characters except the given character in a string.
Input = “Sqatools python”
Remove all characters except S
Output = ‘S’

79). Write a program to count all the Uppercase, Lowercase, special character and numeric values in a given string using python.
Input = ‘@SqaTools.lin’
Output:
Special characters: 1
Uppercase characters: 2
Lowercase characters: 8

80). Write a Python program to count a number of non-empty substrings of a given string.
Input a string = ‘sqatools12’
Number of substrings = 55

81). Write a program to remove unwanted characters from a given string using python.
Input = ‘sqa****too^^{ls’
Output = ‘Sqatools’

82). Write a program to find the string similarity between two given strings using python.
Input :
Str1 = ‘Learning is fun in Sqatools’
Str2 = ‘Sqatools Online Learning Platform’

Output :
Similarity : 0.4

83). Write a program to extract numbers from a given string using python.
Input = ‘python 456 self learning 89’
Output = [456, 89]

84). Write a program to split a given multiline string into a list of lines using python.
Input =”’This string Contains
Multiple
Lines”’
Output = [‘This string Contains’, ‘Multiple’, ‘Lines’]

85). Write a program to add two strings as they are numbers using python.
Input :
a=’3′, b=’7′
Output = ’10’

86). Write a program to extract name from a given email address using python.
Input = ‘student1@gmail.com’
Output = ‘student’

87). Write a program that counts the number of leap years within the range of years using python. The range of years should be accepted as a string.

(“1981-2001) = Total leap year 5

88). Write a program to insert space before every capital letter appears in a given word using python.
Input = ‘SqaTools pyThon’
Output = ‘ Sqa Tools py Thon’

89). Write a program to uppercase half string using python.
Input = ‘banana’
Output = ‘banANA’

90). Write a program to split and join a string using “-“.
Input = ‘Sqatools is best’
Output = ‘Sqatools-is-best’

91). Write a python program to find permutations of a given string using in built function.
Input = ‘CDE’
Output = [‘CDE’, ‘CED’ ‘EDC’, ‘ECD’, ‘DCE’, ‘DEC’]

92). Write a program to avoid spaces in string and get the total length
Input = ‘sqatools is best for learning python’
Output = 31

93). Write a program to accept a string that contains only vowels
Input = ‘python’
Output- ‘not accepted’

Input = ‘aaieou’
Output = ‘accepted’

94). Write a program to remove the kth element from the string
K=2
Input = ‘sqatools’
Output = ‘sqtools’

95). Write a program to check if a given string is binary or not.
Hint: Binary numbers only contain 0 or 1.

Input = ‘01011100’
Output = yes

Input = ‘sqatools 100’
Output = ‘No’

96). Write a program to add ‘ing’ at the end of the string using python.
Input = ‘xyz’
Output = ‘xyzing’

97). Write a program to add ly at the end of the string if the given string ends with ing.
Input = ‘winning’
Output = ‘winningly’

98). Write a program to reverse words in a string using python.
Input = ‘string problems’
Output = ‘problems string’

99). Write a program to print the index of each character in a string.
Input = ‘sqatools’
Output :
Index of s is 0
Index of q is 1
Index of a is 2
Index of t is 3
Index of o is 4
Index of o is 5
Index of l is 6
Index of s is 7

100). Write a program to find the first repeated character in a string and its index.
Input = ‘sqatools’
Output = (s,0)

101). Write a program to swap cases of a given string using python.
Input = ‘Learning Python’
Output = ‘lEARNING pYTHON’

102). Write a program to remove repeated characters in a string and replace it with a single letter using python.
Input = ‘aabbccdd’
Output = ‘cabd’

103). Write a program to print a string 3 times using python.
Input = ‘sqatools’
Output = ‘sqatoolssqatoolssqatools’

104). Write a program to print each character on a new line using python.
Input = ‘python’
Output:
p
y
t
h
o
n

105). Write a program to get all the email id’s from given string using python.
Input str = “”” We have some employee whos john@gmail.com email id’s are randomly distributed jay@lic.com we want to get hari@facebook.com all the email mery@hotmail.com id’s from this given string.”””
Output = [‘john@gmail.com’, ‘ jay@lic.com’, ‘hari@facebook.com’, ‘mery@hotmail.com’ ]

106). Write a program to get a list of all the mobile numbers from the given string using python.
Input str = “”” We have 2233 some employee 8988858683 whos 3455 mobile numbers are randomly distributed 2312245566 we want 453452 to get 4532892234 all the mobile numbers 9999234355 from this given string.”””
Output = [‘8988858683’, ‘2312245566’, ‘4532892234’, ‘9999234355’]

Python Numpy Practice Programs, Exercises

Numpy is one of the most popular Python libraries for data analysis. It’s a library that provides a way to manipulate and process arrays of data in both one and two dimensions.

1). Python program to get the NumPy version

2). Python NumPy program to test whether none of the elements of a given array is zero.
Input : [6,8,3,5]
Output : True

3). Python NumPy program to test a given array element-wise is finite or not.
Input : [6,8,3,np.inf]
Output : [False, False, False, True]

4). Python NumPy program to test element-wise for NaN of a given array.
Input :[2,4,np.nan,7]
Output : [False False True False]

5). Python NumPy program to test element-wise for complex numbers of a given array.
Input :[2,4,6+9j,7]
Output : [False, False, True, False]

6). Python NumPy program to test element-wise for real numbers of a given array.
Input : [2,4,6+9j,7]
Output : [True, True, False, True]

7). Python NumPy program to test whether a number is scalar or not.
Input : 8.9
Output : True

Input : [8.9]
Output : False

8). Python NumPy program to test whether two arrays are element-wise equal.
Input :
[3,8,5]
[3,8,5]
Output : [ True True True]

9). Python NumPy program to create an element-wise comparison (greater than).
Input =
[8,3]
[9,1]
Output : [ False, True]

10). Python NumPy program to create an element-wise comparison (greater equal).
Input =
[6,4]
[6,3]
Output : [ True, True]

11). Python NumPy program to create an element-wise comparison (less than).
Input =
[6,4]
[2,9]
Output : [ False, True]

12). Python Numpy program to create an array with the values 10,34,86,26,56.
Output : [10,34,86,26,56]

13). Python NumPy program to determine the size of the memory occupied by the above array.

14). Python NumPy program to create an array of 3 ones.
Output : [1,1,1]

15). Python NumPy program to create an array of integers between 1-20.

16). Python NumPy program to create an array of even integers between 1-20.

17). Python NumPy program to create an array of odd integers between 1-20.

18). Python NumPy program to create an array of integers between 1-100 by the difference of 6 between them.

19). Python NumPy program to create a 3×3 matrix.

20). Python NumPy program to create a 3×3 identify matrix.

21). Python NumPy program to generate random numbers between 1-2.

22). Python NumPy program to generate an array of 5 random numbers from a standard normal distribution.

23). Python NumPy program to create a vector with values ranging from 1 to 20.
Output : [1,2,3,….,20]

24). Python program to print all the values from the array except 20.
Output : [1,2,3,….,19]

25). Python NumPy program to print all the values from the above array except 1.
Output : [2,3,….,20]

26). Python NumPy program to create a 3×4 matrix.

27). Python NumPy program to create a 2×3 matrix.

28). Write a program to create a 2×2 matrix.

29). Python NumPy program to create a vector with values from 1 to 15 and change the sign of the numbers in the range from 6 to 10.
Output : [1,2,3,4,5,-6,-7,-8,-9,-10,11,12,13,14,15]

30). Python NumPy program to multiply two vectors.
Input =
[4,2,8]
[7,3,5]
Output : [28,6,40]

31). Python NumPy program to create a 2×3 matrix filled with values from 5-10.
Output =
[[ 5 6 7]
[8 9 10]]

32). Python NumPy program to find the shape of the given matrix.
Input =
[[5 6 7]
[8 9 10]]
Output : (2,3)

33). Python NumPy program to reshape the 2×3 matrix into a 2×2 matrix.
Input =
[[5 6 7]
[8 9 10]]
Output =
[[ 5 6]
[7 8]
[9 10]]

34). Python NumPy program to create a 2×2 zero matrix with elements on the main diagonal equal to 7,8.
Output =
[[ 7 0]
[0 8]]

35). Python NumPy program to calculate the sum of all elements in an array.
Input :
[[ 5 3]
[7 4]]
Output : 19

36). Python NumPy program to calculate the sum of each row in an array.
Input =
[[ 5 3]
[7 4]]
Output : [8,11]

37). Python NumPy program to calculate the sum of each column in an array.
Input =
[[ 5 3]
[7 4]]
Output : [12,7]

38). Python program to calculate the inner/dot product of two vectors.
Input =
[[ 5 3]
[7 4]]
Output : 42

39). Python NumPy program to add a vector to each row of a matrix.
Input =
[2,5]
[[ 5 3]
[7 4]]
Output =
[[ 7 8]
[9 9]]

40). Python NumPy program to convert the list into an array.
Input : [[3,0],[6,4]]
Output =
[[ 3 0]
[6 4]]

41). Python NumPy program to convert an array into a list.
Input =
[[ 3 0]
[6 4]]
Output :[[3,0],[6,4]]

42). Python NumPy program to find the missing data in a given array.
Input =
[[ 1 5 Nan]
[8 Nan 9]]
Output =
[[ False False True
False True False]]

43). Python NumPy program to check whether two arrays are element-wise equal.
Input =
[5,3]
[7,8]
Output : [False, False]

44). Python NumPy program to create a one-dimensional array.
Output : [65,90,1,3,5]

45). Python NumPy program to interchange the rows of a matrix.
Input =
[[ 5 6]
[7 8]
[9 10]]
Output =
[[ 5 7 9]
[ 6 8 10]]

46). Python NumPy program to sort an array by row in ascending order.
Input =
[[ 6 5]
[10 9]
[8 7]]
Output =
[[ 5 6]
[9 10]
[7 8]]

47). Python NumPy program to sort a given array by column in ascending order.
Input =
[[ 6 5]
[10 9]
[7 8]]
Output =
[[6 5]
[7 8]
[10 9]]

48). Python NumPy program to extract all numbers from a given array that are greater than a specified number.
Input =
[[ 6 5]
[10 9]
[7 8]]
Output =
Greater than 7
[ 10,9,8]

49). Python NumPy program to replace all numbers in a given array that is equal or greater than a given number.
Input =
[[ 6 5]
[10 9]
[7 8]]
Output =
Replace numbers greater than or equal to 7 with 0
[[ 6 5]
[0 0]
[0 0 ]]

50). Write a program to swap rows of a given array.
Input =
[[ 6 5]
[10 9]
[7 8]]
Output =
[[ 8 7]
[10 9]
[ 6 5]]

51). Python NumPy program to multiply a row of an array by a scalar.
Input =
[[ 6 5]
[10 9]
[7 8]]
Output =
Multiply row 1 by 2
[[ 12 10]
[10 9]
[7 8]]

52). Python NumPy program to add a row of a matrix into another row.
Input =
[[ 6 5]
[10 9]
[7 8]]
Output =
Add row 2 to row 1
[[ 16 14]
[10 9]
[7 8]]

53). Python NumPy program to find the real and imaginary parts of an array of complex numbers.
Input : [6+2j,10+5j]
Output =
Real part- 6,10
Imaginary part- 2,5

54). Python NumPy program to find common elements between two arrays.
Input =
[56,18,28,36]
[76,36,56]
Output : [36,56]

55). Python NumPy program to get the unique elements of an array.
Input : [25,33,10,45,33,10]
Output : [25,33,10,45]

56). Python NumPy program to find the set difference between two arrays. The set will give unique values in array1 that are not in array2.
Input =
[56,18,28,36]
[76,36,56]
Output : [18,28]

57). Python NumPy program to find the union of two arrays. The union will return the values that are in either of the two input arrays.
Input =
[56,18,28,36]
[76,36,56,90]
Output : [56,18,28,36,76,90]

58). Python NumPy program to find the indices of the maximum value of an array.
Input : [76,36,56,90]
Output : 3

59). Python Numpy program to find the indices of the minimum value of an array.
Input : [76,36,56,90]
Output : 1

60). Python Numpy program to change the data type of an array.
Input =
[[ 4 8 7]
[ 2 3 6]]
The data type of the array x is: int32
Output =
[[ 4. 8. 7.]
[ 2. 3. 6.]]
New Type: float64

61). Python NumPy program to find the ith element of an array.
Input =
[[ 4 8 7]
[ 2 3 6]]
Output =
i=5
3

62). Python NumPu program to remove single-dimensional entries from a specified shape.
Input = original shape: (2,1,3)
Output : (2,3)

63). Python NumPy program to convert 1-D arrays as columns into a 2-D array.
Input : (3,8,5),(4,0,7)
Output =
[[ 3 4]
[8 0]
[5 7]]

64). Python NumPy program to split an array of 10 elements into 3 arrays, each of which has 2, 3, and 5 elements.
Input = [ 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
Output = [array([1,2]), array ([3,4,5]), array ([6,7,8,9,10])]

65). Python NumPy program to get the number of nonzero elements in an array.
Input =
[[ 4 8 0]
[2 0 6]]
Output : 4

66). Python NumPy program to find the median of the matrix.

67). Python NumPy program to find the median of the matrix along the rows.

68). Python NumPy program to find the median of the matrix along the column.

69). Python NumPy program to make an array immutable i.e. read-only.

70). Python NumPy program to print every element of an array.
Input =
[[ 4 8 0]
[2 0 6]]
Output : 4 8 0 2 0 6

71). Python NumPy program to print squares of all the elements of an array.
Input : [2,6,3,1]
Output : [4,36,9,1]

72). Python NumPy program to access an array by column.
Input =
[[ 4 8 0]
[ 2 0 6]]
Output =
1st column:
[4 2]
2nd column:
[8 0]
3rd column:
[0 6]

73). Python NumPy program to convert an array of float values to an array of integer values.
Input =
[[ 6.7 5.2]
[9.4 2.7]]
Output =
[[ 6 5]
[9 2]]

74). Python NumPy to add an extra column to an array.
Input =
[[ 4 8 0]
[2 0 6]]
Output =
[[ 4 8 0 5]
[2 0 6 7 ]]

75). Python NumPy program to replace the negative values in an array with 1.
Input =
[[ 4 8 -5]
[2 -9 6]]
Output =
[[ 4 8 1]
[2 1 6]]

76). Python NumPy program to remove all rows in a NumPy array that contain non-numeric values.
Input =
[[ 4 NaN 8]
[2 4 6]]
Output =
[2 1 6]

77). Python NumPy program to get the magnitude of a vector.
Input : [3 5 1]
Output : 5.91

78). Python NumPy program to count the frequency of unique values.
Input : [ 8 6 7 0 7 8 6 6]
Output =
[[ 0 6 7 8
1 3 2 2]]

79). Python NumPy program to check whether an array is empty.
Input =
[4,8,0]
Output : Array is not empty

80). Python NumPy program to calculate the product of an array.
Input : [3 5 1]
Output : 15

81). Python NumPy program to convert an array into a CSV file.

82). Python NumPy program to access first two columns of a 3-D array.
Input =
[[ 6 5 7]
[10 9 1]
[7 8 2]]
Output = 1 column: [ 6 10 7], 2 column: [5 9 8]

83). Python NumPy program to extract the first and second elements of the first and second rows from a given (3×3) matrix.
Input =
[[ 6 5 7]
[10 9 1]
[7 8 2]]
Output =
[[ 6 5]
[10 9]]

84). Python NumPy program to create an array that represents the rank of each item of a given array.
Input : [6 8 4 9 5 0]
Output : [3 4 1 5 2 0]

85). Python NumPy program to copy data from a given array to another array.

86). Python NumPy program to calculate the sum of all columns of an array
Input =
[[ 6 5 7]
[10 9 1]
[7 8 2]]
Output : [23 22 10]

87). Python NumPy program to calculate averages without NaNs along a row.
Input =
[[ 6 5 nan]
[nan 9 1]
[7 8 2]]
Output : [ 5.5 5 8.5]

88). Python NumPy program to merge two given arrays of identical shape.

89). Python NumPy program to convert a python dictionary to a n-dimensional array.

90). Python NumPy program to convert an array to a data frame with headers.

91). Python NumPy program to create an array and reshape it.

92). Python NumPy program to check whether the dimensions of two arrays are the same or not.

93). Python NumPy program to calculate the sin angle of an array.

94). Python NumPy program to calculate the standard deviation of an array.

95). Python NumPy program to calculate the variance of an array.

96). Python NumPy program to calculate the cos angle of an array.

97). Python NumPy program to calculate the tan angle of an array.

98). Python NumPy program to round off the elements in an array up to two digits.
Input : [4.8757 2.4578]
Output : [4.86 2.45]

99). Python NumPy program to round off the elements in an array using the floor function.
Input : [4.8757 2.4578]
Output : [4 2]

100). Python NumPy program to round off the elements in an array using ceil function.
Input : [4.8757 2.4578]
Output : [5 3]

101). Python NumPy program to convert a tuple into an array.
Input : (5,7,0)
Output : [5 7 0]

102). Python NumPy program to create an array using dtype as complex.
Output : [5.+0.j 4.+0.j]

Python Pandas Programs, Exercises

Python Pandas Programs helps to filter and sort the tabular data and gain expertise on it, Pandas is an open-source library for data analysis in Python. Pandas is one of the most popular and fastest-growing libraries in the Python ecosystem.

1). Python Pandas program to create and display a one-dimensional array-like object containing an array of data.
Output:
15
43
88
23

2). Python Pandas program to convert a series to a list and print its type.

3). Python Pandas program to add two series.
Input:
A=[1,6,9,5]
B=[5,2,4,5]
Output:
[6,8,13,10]

4). Python Pandas program to subtract two series.
Input:
A=[1,6,9,5]
B=[5,2,4,5]
Output:
[-4,4,5,0]

5). Python Pandas program to multiply two series.
Input:
A=[1,6,9,5]
B=[5,2,4,5]
Output:
[5,12,36,25]

6). Python Pandas program to divide two series.
Input:
A=[1,6,9,5]
B=[5,2,4,5]
Output:
[0.2,3,2.5,1]

7). Python Pandas program to check whether elements in the series are equal or not.
Input:
A=[1,6,9,5]
B=[5,2,4,5]
Output:
False
False
False
True

8). Python Pandas program to check whether elements in the series are greater than other series.
Input:
A=[1,6,9,5]
B=[5,2,4,5]
Output:
False
True
True
False

9). Python Pandas program to convert a dictionary to a series.
Input:
A={name: Virat, sport: cricket, age: 32}
Output:
Name Virat
Sport Cricket
Age 32

10). Python Pandas program to convert a NumPy array to a Pandas series.
Input:
[5,3,8,9,0]
Output:
0 5
1 3
2 8
3 9
4 0

11). Python Pandas program to change the data type of given a column or a Series.
Input:
0 54
1 27.90
2 sqa
3 33.33
4 tools
dtype: object
Output:
0 54.00
1 27.90
2 NaN
3 33.33
4 NaN
dtype:float64

12). Python Pandas program to convert a given Series to an array.
Input:
0 54
1 27.90
2 sqa
3 33.33
4 tools
dtype: object
Output:
[’54’, ‘27.90’,’sqa’,’33.33′, ‘tools’]

13). Python Pandas program to convert a series of lists into one series.
Input:
[Sqa, tool]
[Learning, python]
[Is, fun]
Output:
0 [Sqa, tool]
1 [Learning, python]
2 [Is, fun]
dtype: object

14). Python Pandas program to sort a given Series.
Input:
0 55
1 23
2 10
3 87
Output:
0 10
1 23
2 55
3 87

15). Python Pandas program to add some data to an existing series.
Input:
0 54
1 27.90
2 sqa
3 33.33
4 tools
Output:
0 54
1 27.90
2 sqa
3 33.33
4 tools
5 python
6 100

16). Python Pandas program to create a subset of a given series based on value and condition.
Input:
0 10
1 25
2 69
3 74
4 33
5 54
6 21
Output:
Subset of the above Data Series:
0 10
1 25
4 33
6 21

17). Python Pandas program to change the order of the index of a given series.
Input:
0 Sqa
1 tools
2 Learning
3 python
4 Is
5 fun
Output:
2 Learning
3 python
0 Sqa
1 tools
4 Is
5 fun

18). Python Pandas program to find the mean of the data of a given series.
Input:
0 5
1 4
2 8
3 6
Output:
5.75

19). Python Pandas program to find the standard deviation of the given Series.
Input:
0 2
1 4
2 6
3 8
4 10
Output: = 3.162277

20). Python Pandas program to get the items of a series not present in another series.
Input:
A=
0 4
1 7
2 3
B=
0 9
1 4
2 3
Output:
Items of A that are not present in B
1 7

21). Python Pandas program to calculate the maximum value from a series.
Input:
0 54
1 38
2 67
3 87
Output:
87

22). Python Pandas program to calculate the minimum value from a series.
Input:
0 54
1 38
2 67
3 87
Output:
38

23). Python Pandas program to calculate the frequency of each value of a series.
Input:
0 3
1 0
2 3
3 2
4 2
5 0
6 3
7 3
8 2
Output:
0 2
2 3
3 4

24). Python Pandas program to extract items at given positions of a series.
Input:
0 3
1 0
2 3
3 2
4 2
5 0
6 3
7 3
8 2
Output:
1 0
4 2
7 3

25). Python Pandas program to convert the first and last character of each word to upper case in each word of a given series.
Input:
0 sqatools
1 python
2 data
3 science
Output:
0 SqatoolS
1 PythoN
2 DatA
3 SciencE

26). Python Pandas program to calculate the number of characters in each word in a series.
Input:
0 Virat
1 Rohit
2 Pant
3 Shikhar
Output:
0 6
1 6
2 4
3 7

27). Python Pandas program to convert a series of date strings to a time-series.
Input:
0 2 Feb 2020
1 5/11/2021
2 7-8-2022
Output:
0 2020-02-02 00:00:00
1 2021-11-05 00:00:00
2 2022-08-07 00:00:00

28). Python Pandas program to filter words from a given series that contain at least one vowel.
Input:
0 sqatools
1 SQL
2 python
3 white
4 bsc
Output:
0 sqatools
2 python
3 white

29). Python Pandas program to find the index of the first occurrence of the smallest and largest value of a series.
Input:
0 54
1 25
2 38
3 87
Output:
1
3

30). Python Pandas program to convert a dictionary into DataFrame.

31). Python Pandas program to print the first n rows of a Dataframe.

32). Python Pandas program to print the last n rows of a DataFrame.

33). Python pandas program to print the selected columns from DataFrame.
Input:
Sr.no. name age
1 Alex 30
2 John 27
3 Peter 29
Output:
name age
Alex 30
John 27
Peter 29

34). Python Pandas program to print the selected rows from DataFrame.
Input:
Sr.no. name age
1. Alex 30
2. John 27
3. Peter 29
Output:
Sr.no. name age
2. John 27

35). Python Pandas program to select the rows where the age is greater than 29.
Input:
Sr.no. name age
1. Alex. 30
2. John. 27
3. Peter. 29
4. Klaus. 33
Output:
Sr.no. name age
1. Alex. 30
4. Klaus. 33

36). Python Pandas program to count the number of rows and columns in a DataFrame.
Input:
Sr.no. name age
1. Alex. 30
2. John. 27
3. Peter. 29
4. Klaus. 33
Output:
No of rows:4
No of columns:3

37). Python Pandas program to select the rows where age is missing.
Input:
Sr.no. name age
1. Alex. 30
2. John. np.nan
3. Peter. 29
4. Klaus. np.nan
Output:
Sr.no. name age
2. John. np.nan
4. Klaus. np.nan

38). Python Pandas program to print the names who’s age is between 25-30 using Pandas.
Input:
Sr.no. name age
1. Alex. 30
2. John. 27
3. Peter. 29
4. Klaus. 33
Output:
Sr.no. name age
2. John. 27
3. Peter. 29

39). Python Pandas program to change the age of John to 24.
Input:
Sr.no. name age
1. Alex. 30
2. John. 27
3. Peter. 29
4. Klaus. 33
Output:
Sr.no. name age
1. Alex. 30
2. John. 24
3. Peter. 29
4. Klaus. 33

40). Python Pandas program to calculate the sum of age column.
Input:
Sr.no. name age
1. Alex. 30
2. John. 27
3. Peter. 29
4. Klaus. 33
Output:
119

41). Python Pandas program to add a new row in the DataFrame.
Input:
Sr.no. name age
1. Alex. 30
2. John. 27
3. Peter. 29
4. Klaus. 33
Output:
Sr.no. name age
1. Alex. 30
2. John. 27
3. Peter. 29
4. Klaus. 33
5. Jason. 28

42). Python Pandas program to sort the DataFrame first by ‘name’ in ascending order.
Input:
Sr.no. name age
1. Alex. 30
2. John. 27
3. Peter. 29
4. Klaus. 33
Output:
Sr.no. name age
1. Alex. 30
2. John. 27
4. Klaus. 33
3. Peter. 29

43). Python Pandas program to calculate the mean of age column.
Input:
Sr.no. name age
1. Alex. 30
2. John. 27
3. Peter. 29
4. Klaus. 33
Output:
29.75

44). Python Pandas program to sort the DataFrame by ‘age’ column in ascending order.
Input:
Sr.no. name age
1. Alex. 30
2. John. 27
3. Peter. 29
4. Klaus. 33
Output:
Sr.no. name age
2. John. 27
3. Peter. 29
1. Alex. 30
4. Klaus. 33

45). Python Pandas program to replace John with Jim.
Input:
Sr.no. name age
1. Alex. 30
2. John. 27
3. Peter. 29
4. Klaus. 33
Output:
Sr.no. name age
1. Alex. 30
2. Jim. 27
3. Peter. 29
4. Klaus. 33

46). Python Pandas program to delete records for John.
Input:
Sr.no. name age
1. Alex. 30
2. John. 27
3. Peter. 29
4. Klaus. 33
Output:
Sr.no. name age
1. Alex. 30
3. Peter. 29
4. Klaus. 33

47). Python Pandas program to add a new column in a DataFrame.
Input:
Sr.no. name age
1. Alex. 30
2. John. 27
3. Peter. 29
4. Klaus. 33
Output:
Sr.no. name age. Salary
1. Alex. 30. 50000
2. John. 27. 65000
3. Peter. 29. 58000
4. Klaus. 33. 66000

48). Python Pandas program to iterate over rows in a DataFrame.
Input:
A=[{name:Yash, percentage:78},{name:Rakesh, percentage: 80},{
name: Suresh, percentage:60}]
Output:
Yash 78
Rakesh 80
Suresh 60

49). Python Pandas program to get a list of column headers from the DataFrame.
Input:
A={name:[Virat,Messi, Kobe], sport:[cricket, football, basketball]}
Output:
[name, sport]

50). Python Pandas program to rename columns of a given DataFrame.
Input:
C1. C2. C3
1. 6. 8
3. 8. 2
9. 0. 6
Output:
A. B. C
1. 6. 8
3. 8. 2
9. 0. 6

51). Python Pandas program to change the order of columns in a DataFrame.
Input:
Sr.no. name age. Salary
1. Alex. 30. 50000
2. John. 27. 65000
3. Peter. 29. 58000
4. Klaus. 33. 66000
Output:
Sr.no. name Salary Age
1. Alex. 50000. 30
2. John. 65000 27
3. Peter. 58000. 29
4. Klaus. 66000 33

52). Python Pandas program to write a DataFrame to a CSV file using a tab separator.
Input:
Sr.no. name age. Salary
1. Alex. 30. 50000
2. John. 27. 65000
3. Peter. 29. 58000
4. Klaus. 33. 66000
Output:
Sr.no\tname\tage\tSalary
1\tAlex\t30\t50000
2\tJohn\t27\t65000
3\tPeter\t29\t58000
4\tKlaus\t33\t66000

53). Python Pandas program to count Country wise population from a given data set (columns of a data set- Country, population).
Output:
Country. Population
China. 57289229
India. 49262728
.
.
.

54). Python Pandas program to replace all the NaN values with a scaler in a column of a Dataframe.
Input:
Sr.no. name age
1. Alex. 30
2. John. np.nan
3. Peter. 29
4. Klaus. np.nan
Output:
Sr.no. name age
1. Alex. 30
2. John. 25
3. Peter. 29
4. Klaus. 25

55). Python Pandas program to count the NaN values in a Dataframe.
Input:
Sr.no. name age
1. Alex. 30
2. John. np.nan
3. Peter. 29
4. Klaus. np.nan
Output:
2

56). Python Pandas program to shuffle rows in a DataFrame.
Input:
Sr.no. name age. Salary
1. Alex. 30. 50000
2. John. 27. 65000
3. Peter. 29. 63000
4. Klaus. 33. 59000
Output:
Sr.no. name age. Salary
2. John. 27. 65000
4. Klaus. 33. 59000
1. Alex. 30. 50000
3. Peter. 29. 63000

57). Python Pandas program to rename a column in a DataFrame.
Input:
Rank. name age. Salary
1. Alex. 30. 50000
2. John. 27. 65000
3. Peter. 29. 63000
4. Klaus. 33. 59000
Output:
Sr.no. name age. Salary
1. Alex. 30. 50000
2. John. 27. 65000
3. Peter. 29. 63000
4. Klaus. 33. 59000

58). Python Pandas program to get a list of records in a column of a DataFrame.
Input:
Sr.no. name age. Salary
1. Alex. 30. 50000
2. John. 27. 65000
3. Peter. 29. 63000
4. Klaus. 33. 59000
Output:
[Alex, John, Peter, Klaus]

59). Python Pandas program to find the row where the value of a column is maximum.
Input:
Sr.no. name age. Salary
1. Alex. 30. 50000
2. John. 27. 65000
3. Peter. 29. 63000
4. Klaus. 33. 59000
Output: Row where salary is maximum 2

60). Python Pandas program to find the row where the value of a given column is minimum.
Input:
Sr.no. name age. Salary
1. Alex. 30. 50000
2. John. 27. 65000
3. Peter. 29. 63000
4. Klaus. 33. 59000
Output= Row where salary is minimum 1

61). Python Pandas program to check whether a column is present in a DataFrame.
Input:
Sr.no. name age. Salary
1. Alex. 30. 50000
2. John. 27. 65000
3. Peter. 29. 63000
4. Klaus. 33. 59000
Output:
The company column is not present in DataFrame
The name column is present in DataFrame

62). Python Pandas program to get the datatypes of columns of a DataFrame.
Input:
Sr.no. name age. Salary
1. Alex. 30. 50000
2. John. 27. 65000
3. Peter. 29. 63000
4. Klaus. 33. 59000
Output:
Sr.no. Int64
Name. Object
Age. Int64
Salary. Int64

63). Python Pandas program to convert a list of lists into a Dataframe.
Input:
[[Virat, cricket],[Messi, football]]
Output:
0 column1 column2
1. Virat. Cricket
2. Messi. Football

64). Python Pandas program to find the index of a column from the DataFrame.
Input:
Sr.no. name age. Salary
1. Alex. 30. 50000
2. John. 27. 65000
3. Peter. 29. 63000
4. Klaus. 33. 59000
Output: Index number of age is 2

65). Python Pandas program to select all columns except one column in a DataFrame.
Input:
Sr.no. name age. Salary
1. Alex. 30. 50000
2. John. 27. 65000
3. Peter. 29. 63000
4. Klaus. 33. 59000
Output:
Sr.no. name Salary
1. Alex. 50000
2. John. 65000
3. Peter. 63000
4. Klaus. 59000

66). Python Pandas program to remove the first n rows of a DataFrame.
Input:
Sr.no. name age. Salary
1. Alex. 30. 50000
2. John. 27. 65000
3. Peter. 29. 63000
4. Klaus. 33. 59000
Output:
After removing the first 2 rows
Sr.no. name age. Salary
3. Peter. 29. 63000
4. Klaus. 33. 59000

67). Python Pandas program to remove the last n rows of a given DataFrame.
Input:
Sr.no. name age. Salary
1. Alex. 30. 50000
2. John. 27. 65000
3. Peter. 29. 63000
4. Klaus. 33. 59000
Output:
After removing the last 2 rows
Sr.no. name age. Salary
1. Alex. 30. 50000
2. John. 27. 65000

68). Python Pandas program to reverse the order of rows of a given DataFrame.
Input:
Sr.no. name age. Salary
1. Alex. 30. 50000
2. John. 27. 65000
3. Peter. 29. 63000
4. Klaus. 33. 59000
Output:
Sr.no. name age. Salary
4. Klaus. 33. 59000
3. Peter. 29. 63000
2. John. 27. 65000
1. Alex. 30. 50000.

69). Python Pandas program to reverse the order of columns in a DataFrame.
Input:
Sr.no. name age. Salary
1. Alex. 30. 50000
2. John. 27. 65000
3. Peter. 29. 63000
4. Klaus. 33. 59000
Output:
Salary. age. Name. Sr.no.
50000. 30. Alex. 1
65000. 27. John. 2
63000. 29. Peter. 3
59000. 33. Klaus. 4

70). Python Pandas program to select columns by the object datatype from the DataFrame.
Input:
Sr.no. name age. Salary
1. Alex. 30. 50000
2. John. 27. 65000
3. Peter. 29. 63000
4. Klaus. 33. 59000
Output:
Select string columns
Name
Alex
John
Peter
Klaus

71). Python Pandas program to convert continuous values of a column of a DataFrame to categorical.
Input:
{Student_id:[1,2,3,4], marks:[30,50,70,80]}
Output:
0. Marks
1. Fail
2. 2nd class
3. 1st class
4. 1st class with distinction

72). Python Pandas program to convert all the string values in the DataFrame to uppercases.
Input:
0. cricket
1. Yes
2. pass
3. FAIL
Output:
0. Cricket
1. Yes
2. Pass
3. Fail

73). Python Pandas program to check whether only the upper case is present in a column of a DataFrame.
Input:
0. Name
1. Kate
2. Jason
3. ROBERT
4. MARK
5. Dwyane
Output:
0. Name. Name
1. Kate. False
2. Jason. False
3. ROBERT True
4. MARK. True
5. Dwyane. False

74). Python Pandas program to check whether only the lower case is present in a given column of a DataFrame .
Input:
0. Name
1. kate
2. jason
3. ROBERT
4. MARK
5. dwyane
Output:
0. Name. Name
1. Kate. True
2. Jason. True
3. ROBERT False
4. MARK. False
5. dwyane. True

75). Python Pandas program to check whether only numeric values are present in a column of a DataFrame.

Input:
0. Marks
1. Pass
2. 88
3. 2nd class
4. 90
5. Distinction
Output:
0. Marks. Marks
1. Pass. False
2. 88. True
3. 2nd class. False
4. 90. True
5. Distinction. False

76). Python Pandas program to check whether only alphabetic values present in a column of a DataFrame.
Input:
0. Marks
1. Pass
2. 88
3. First class
4. 90
5. Distinction
Output:
0. Marks. Marks
1. Pass. True
2. 88. False
3. First class. False
4. 90. False
5. Distinction. True

77). Python Pandas program to get the length of the integer of a column in a DataFrame.
Input:
0. Sales
1. 55000
2. 75000
3. 330000
4. 10000
Output:
0. Sales. Sales_length
1. 55000. 5
2. 75000. 5
3. 330000. 6
4. 1000. 4

78). Python Pandas program to extract email from a specified column of a given DataFrame.
Input:
0. Company_mail
1. TCS. tcs@yahoo.com
2. Apple. apple@icloud.com
3 Google. google@gmail.com
Output:
0. Company_mail email
1. TCS. tcs@yahoo.com tcs@yahoo.com
2. Apple. apple@icloud.com apple@icloud.com
3 Google.google@gmail.com google@gmail.com

79). Python Pandas program to extract the hash attached word from Twitter text from the specified column of a given DataFrame.
Input:
0. Tweets
1. Pune #love
2. #boycottmovie
3. enjoying #peace
Output:
0. Tweets extracted_word
1. Pune #love. love
2. #boycottmovie. boycottmovie
3. enjoying #peace peace

80). Python Pandas program to extract only words from a column of a DataFrame.
Input:
Name Address
Ramesh. 297 shukrawar peth
Suresh. 200 ravivar peth
Sanket. 090 shanivar peth
Output:
Name Address Only_words
Ramesh. 297 shukrawar peth shukrawar peth
Suresh. 200 ravivar peth ravivar peth
Sanket. 090 shanivar peth shanivar peth

81). Python Pandas program to join the two Dataframes along rows.
Input:
D1
Id Name. Age
1. Yash. 30
2. Gaurav. 27
3. Sanket. 28
D2
Id. Name. Age
4. Atharva. 26
3. Tanmay. 22
Output:
Id Name. Age
1. Yash. 30
2. Gaurav. 27
3. Sanket. 28
4. Atharva. 26
3. Tanmay. 22

82). Python Pandas program to join the two Dataframes along columns.
Input:
D1
Id Name. Age
1. Yash. 30
2. Gaurav. 27
3. Sanket. 28
D2
Id. Name. Age
4. Atharva. 26
3. Tanmay. 22
Output:
Id Name. Age Id. Name. Age
1. Yash. 30. 4. Atharva. 26
2. Gaurav. 27. 3. Tanmay. 22
3. Sanket. 28

83). Python Pandas program to join the two Dataframes using the common column of both Dataframes.
Input:
D1
Id. Name marks1
S1. Ketan. 90
S2. Yash. 87
S3. Abhishek 77
D2
Id. Name. Marks2
S2. Yash. 70
S4. Gaurav. 65
Output:
Id. Name. Marks1. name. Marks2
S2. Yash. 87. Yash. 70

84). Python Pandas program to merge two Dataframes with different columns.

85). Python Pandas program to detect missing values from a DataFrame.
Input:
Sr.no. name age
1. Alex. 30
2. John. np.nan
3. Peter. 29
4. Klaus. np.nan
Output:
Sr.no. name age
False False. False
False False True
False False False
False False True

86). Python Pandas program to identify the columns from the DataFrame which have at least one missing value.
Input:
Sr.no. name age
1. Alex. 30
2. np.nan. np.nan
3. Peter. 29
4. Klaus. np.nan
Output:
Sr.no. False
Name. True
Age. True

87). Python Pandas program to count the number of missing values in each column of a DataFrame.
Input:
Sr.no. name age
1. Alex. 30
2. np.nan. np.nan
3. Peter. 29
4. Klaus. np.nan
Output:
Sr.no. 0
Name. 1
Age. 2

88). Python Pandas program to drop the rows where at least one element is missing in a DataFrame.
Input:
Sr.no. name age
1. Alex. 30
2. np.nan. np.nan
3. Peter. 29
4. Klaus. np.nan
Output:
Sr.no. name age
1. Alex. 30
3. Peter. 29

89). Python Pandas program to drop the columns where at least one element is missing in a DataFrame.
Input:
Sr.no. name age
1. Alex. 30
2. np.nan. np.nan
3. Peter. 29
4. Klaus. np.nan
Output:
Sr.no.
1
2
3
4

90). Python Pandas program to drop the rows where all elements are missing in a DataFrame.
Input:
Sr.no. name age
1. Alex. 30
np.nan np.nan. np.nan
3. Peter. 29
4 Klaus. np.nan
Output:
Sr.no. name age
1. Alex. 30
3. Peter. 29
4. Klaus. np.nan

91). Python Pandas program to replace NaNs with the value from the previous row in a DataFrame.
Input:
Sr.no. name age
1. Alex. 30
2. np.nan. np.nan
3. Peter. 29
4. Klaus. 22
Output:
Sr.no. name age
1. Alex. 30
2. Alex. 30
3. Peter. 29
4. Klaus. 22

92). Python Pandas program to replace NaNs with the value from the next row in a DataFrame.
Input:
Sr.no. name age
1. Alex. 30
2. np.nan. np.nan
3. Peter. 29
4. Klaus. 22
Output:
Sr.no. name age
1. Alex. 30
2. Peter. 29
3. Peter. 29
4. Klaus. 22

93). Python Pandas program to replace NaNs with mean in a DataFrame.
Input:
Sr.no. name age
1. Alex. 30
2. np.nan. np.nan
3. Peter. 29
4. Klaus. 22
Output:
Sr.no. name age
1. Alex. 30
2. np.nan. 27
3. Peter. 29
4. Klaus. 22

94). Python Pandas program to replace the missing values with the most frequent values present in each column of a given DataFrame.
Input:
Sr.no. name age
1. Alex. 30
2. np.nan. np.nan
3. Peter. 29
4. Klaus. 22
5. Stefen. 22
Output:
Sr.no. name age
1. Alex. 30
2. np.nan. 22
3. Peter. 29
4. Klaus. 22
5. Stefen. 22

95). Python Pandas program to replace NaNs with the median value in a DataFrame.
Input:
Sr.no. name age
1. Alex. 30
2. np.nan. np.nan
3. Peter. 29
4. Klaus. 22
Output:
Sr.no. name age
1. Alex. 30
2. John. 29
3. Peter. 29
4. Klaus. 22

96). Python Pandas program to import a CSV file.

97). Python Pandas program to import an xlsx file.

Python Tuple Practice Programs, Exercises

Python tuple practice programs help students to improve their logic building.

1). Python tuple program to create a tuple with 2 lists of data.
Input lists:
list1 = [4, 6, 8]
list2 = [7, 1, 4]
Output= ((4, 7), (6, 1), (8, 4))

2). Python tuple program to find the maximum value from a tuple.
Input = (41, 15, 69, 55)
Output = 69

3). Python tuple program to find the minimum value from a tuple.
Input = (36,5,79,25)
Output = 5

4). Python tuple program to create a list of tuples from a list having a number and its square in each tuple.
Input = [4,6,3,8]
Output = [ (4, 16), (6, 36), (3, 27), (8, 64) ]

5). Python tuple program to create a tuple with different datatypes.
Output= ( 2.6, 1, ‘Python’, True, [5, 6, 7], (5, 1, 4), {‘a’: 123, ‘b’: 456})

6). Python tuple program to create a tuple and find an element from it by its index no.
Input = (4, 8, 9, 1)
Index = 2
Output = 9

7). Python tuple program to assign values of tuples to several variables and print them.
Input = (6,7,3)
Variables = a,b,c
Output:
a, 6
b, 7
c, 3

8). Python tuple program to add an item to a tuple.
Input= ( 18, 65, 3, 45)
Output=(18, 65, 3, 45, 15)

9). Python tuple program to convert a tuple into a string.
Input = (‘s’, ‘q’, ‘a’, ‘t’, ‘o’, ‘o’, ‘l’, ‘s’)
Output = Sqatools

10). Python tuple program to get the 2nd element from the front and the 3rd element from the back of the tuple.
Input = (‘s’, ‘q’, ‘a’, ‘t’, ‘o’, ‘o’ ,’l’, ‘s’)
Output=
q
o

11). Python tuple program to check whether an element exists in a tuple or not.
Input = ( ‘p’ ,’y’, ‘t’, ‘h’, ‘o’, ‘n’)
P in A
Output=
True

12). Python tuple program to add a list in the tuple.
Input:
L=[12,67]
A=(6,8,4)
Output:
A=(6,8,4,12,67)

13). Python tuple program to find sum of elements in a tuple.
Input:
A=(4,6,2)
Output:
12

14). Python tuple program to add row-wise elements in Tuple Matrix
Input:
A = [[(‘sqa’, 4)], [(‘tools’, 8)]]
B = (3,6)
Output:
[[(‘sqa’, 4,3)], [(‘tools’, 8,6)]]

15). Python tuple program to create a tuple having squares of the elements from the list.
Input = [1, 9, 5, 7, 6]
Output = (1, 81, 25, 49, 36)

16). Python tuple program to multiply adjacent elements of a tuple.
Input = (1,2,3,4)
Output = (2,6,12)

17). Python tuple program to join tuples if the initial elements of the sub-tuple are the same.
Input:
[(3,6,7),(7,8,4),(7,3),(3,0,5)]
Output:
[(3,6,7,0,5),(7,8,4,3)]

18). Python tuple program to convert a list into a tuple and multiply each element by 2.
Input = [12,65,34,77]
Output = (24, 130, 68, 154)

19). Python tuple program to remove an item from a tuple.
Input:
A=(p,y,t,h,o,n)
Output: (p,y,t,o,n)

20). Python tuple program to slice a tuple.
Input:
A=(5,7,3,4,9,0,2)
Output:
(5,7,3)
(3,4,9)

21). Python tuple program to find an index of an element in a tuple.
Input:
A=(s,q,a,t,o,o,l,s)
Index of a?
Output = 2

22). Python tuple program to find the length of a tuple.
Input:
A=(v,i,r,a,t)
Output=
5

23). Python tuple program to convert a tuple into a dictionary.
Input:
A=((5,s),(6,l))
Output = { s: 5, l: 6 }

24). Python tuple program to reverse a tuple.
Input = ( 4, 6, 8, 3, 1)
Output= (1, 3, 8, 6, 4)

25). Python tuple program to convert a list of tuples in a dictionary.
Input = [ (s, 2), (q, 1), (a, 1), (s, 3), (q, 2), (a, 4) ]
Output ={ s: [ 2, 3 ], q: [ 1, 2 ], a: [ 1 ,4 ] }

26). Python tuple program to pair all combinations of 2 tuples.
Input :
A=(2,6)
B=(3,4)
Output :
[ (2, 3), (2, 4), (6, 3), (6, 4), (3, 2), (3, 6), (4, 2), (4, 6) ]

27). Python tuple program to remove tuples of length i.
Input = [ (2, 5, 7), (3, 4), ( 8, 9, 0, 5) ]
i=2
Output= [ (2, 5, 7), ( 8, 9, 0, 5) ]

28). Python tuple program to remove tuples from the List having an element as None.
Input = [(None, 2), (None, None), (5, 4), (1,6,7)]
Output= { (5, 4), (1, 6, 7) }

29). Python tuple program to remove Tuples from the List having every element as None.
Input = [(None,), (None, None), (5, 4), (1,6,7),(None,1)]
Output = [(5, 4), (1,6,7),(None,1)]

30). Python tuple program to sort a list of tuples by the first item.
Input = [ (1, 5), (7, 8), (4, 0), (3, 6) ]
Output = [ (1, 5), (3, 6), (4, 0), (7, 8) ]

31). Python tuple program to sort a list of tuples by the second item.
Input = [ (1, 5), (7, 8), (4, 0), (3, 6) ]
Output = [ (4, 0), (1, 5), (3, 6), (7, 8) ]

32). Python tuple program to sort a list of tuples by the length of the tuple.
Input = [(4, 5, 6), ( 6, ), ( 2, 3), (6, 7, 8, 9, 0 ) ]
Output=
[(6,),(2,3),(4,5,6),(6,7,8,9,0)]

33). Python tuple program to calculate the frequency of elements in a tuple.
Input=
(a, b, c, d, b, a, b)
Output=
{ a:2, b:3, c:1, d:1 }

34). Python tuple program to filter out tuples that have more than 3 elements.
Input=
[ (1, 4), (4, 5, 6), (2, ), (7, 6, 8, 9), (3, 5, 6, 0, 1) ]
Output= [(7, 6, 8, 9), (3, 5, 6, 0, 1)]

35). Python tuple program to assign the frequency of tuples to each tuple.
Input=
[ (s,q), (t, o, o, l), (p, y), (s, q) ]
Output= {(‘s’, ‘q’): 2, (‘t’, ‘o’, ‘o’, ‘l’): 1, (‘p’, ‘y’): 1}

36). Python program to find values of tuples at ith index number.
Input=
[ (1, 2, 3), (6, 5, 4), (7, 6, 8), (9, 0, 1) ]
I = 3
Output= (9,0,1)

37). Python tuple program to test whether a tuple is distinct or not.
Input=
(1,2,3,4)
(3,4,5,4,6,3)
Output=
Tuple is distinct
Tuple is not distinct

38). Python tuple program to convert a tuple to string datatype.
Input=
A=(4,1,7,5)
Output=
The given tuple is (4,1,7,5)

39). Python tuple program to remove empty tuples from a list of tuples.
Input=
[ (”,), (‘a’, ‘b’), (‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’), (‘d’), () ]
Output=
[ (‘a’, ‘b’), (‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’), (‘d’) ]

40). Python tuple program to sort a tuple by its float element.
Input=
[(3,5.6),(6,2.3),(1,1.8)]
Output=
[(1,1.8),(6,2.3),(3,5.6)]

41). Python tuple program to count the elements in a list if an element is a tuple.
Input=
[1,6,8,5,(4,6,8,0),5,4)]
Output=
4

42). Python tuple program to multiply all the elements in a tuple.
Input=
(5,4,3,1)
Output=
60

43). Python tuple program to convert a string into a tuple.
Input=
“Sqatools”
Output=
(S,q,a,t,o,o,l,s)

44). Python tuple program to convert a tuple of string values to a tuple of integer values.
Input=
( ‘4563’, ’68’, ‘1,’ )
Output=
( 4563, 68, 1)

45). Python tuple program to convert a given tuple of integers into a number.
Input=
(4, 5, 3, 8)
Output=
4538

46). Python tuple program to compute the element-wise sum of tuples.
Input=
(1, 6, 7)
(4, 3, 0)
(2, 6, 8)
Output=
(7, 15, 15)

47). Python tuple program to convert a given list of tuples to a list of lists.
Input=
A=[(1,5),(7,8),(4,0)]
Output =
[ [1, 5], [7, 8], [4, 0] ]

48). Python tuple program to find all the tuples that are divisible by a number.
Input=
[(10,5,15),(25,6,35),(20,10)]
Output=
[(10,5,15),(20,10)]

49). Python tuple program to find tuples having negative elements.
Input=
[ (1, 7), (-4, -5), (0, 6), (-1, 3) ]
Output=
[(-4,-5),(-1,3)]

50). Python tuple program to find the tuples with positive elements.
Input=
[ (1, 7), (-4, -5), (0, 6), (-1, 3) ]
Output=
[ (1, 7), (0, 6) ]

51). Python tuple program to remove duplicates from a tuple.
Input=
(6, 4, 9, 0, 2, 6, 1, 3, 4)
Output=
(6, 4, 9, 0, 2, 1, 3)

52). Python tuple program to extract digits from a list of tuples.
Input=
[ (6, 87, 7), (4, 53), (11, 28, 3) ]
Output=
[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ]

53). Python tuple program to multiply ith element from each tuple from a list of tuples.
Input=
[ (4, 8, 3), (3, 4, 0), (1, 6, 2) ]
i=1
Output=
192

54). Python tuple program to flatten a list of lists into a tuple.
Input=
[ [s], [q], [a], [t], [o], [o], [l], [s] ]
Output=
(s, q, a, t, o, o, l, s)

55). Python tuple program to flatten a tuple list into a string.
Input=
[ (s, q, a), (t, o), (o, l, s) ]
Output=
‘s q a t o o l s’

56). Python tuple program to convert a tuple into a list by adding the string after every element of the tuple.
Input=
A=(1, 2, 3, 4), b=’sqatools’
Output=
[1, “sqatools”, 2, “sqatools”, 3, “sqatools”, 4, “sqatools”]

57). Write a program to convert a tuple to tuple pair.
Input=
(1, 2, 3)
Output=
[ (1, 2), (1, 3) ]

59). Python tuple program to convert a list of lists to a tuple of tuples.
Input=
[ [‘sqatools’], [‘is’], [‘best’]]
Output=
( (‘sqatools’), (‘is), (‘best’) )

60). Python tuple program to extract tuples that are symmetrical with others from a list of tuples.
Input=
[ (a, b, c), (d, e), (c, b, a) ]
Output=
(a, b, c)

61). Python tuple program to return an empty set if no tuples are symmetrical.
Input=
[(1, 5, 7), (3, 4), (4, 9, 0)]
Output=
set()

62). Python tuple program to remove nested elements from a tuple.
Input=
( ‘s’, ‘q’, ‘a’, (‘t’, ‘o’, ‘o’, ‘l’, ‘s’), ‘i’, ‘s’, ‘b’, ‘e’, ‘s’, ‘t’ )
Output=
(‘s’, ‘q’, ‘a’, ‘i’, ‘s’, ‘b’, ‘e’, ‘s’ ,’t’)

63). Python tuple program to sort a tuple by the maximum value of a tuple.
Input=
[ (1, 5, 7), (3, 4, 2), (4, 9, 0) ]
Output=
[ (4, 9, 0), (1, 5, 7), (3, 4, 2) ]

64). Python tuple program to sort a list of tuples by the minimum value of a tuple.
Input=
[(1,5,7),(3,4,2),(4,9,0)]
Output=
[(4,9,0),(1,5,7),(3,4,2)]

65). Python tuple program to concatenate two tuples.
Input=
(‘s’,’q’,’a)
(‘t’,’o’,’o,’l’)
Output=
((‘s’,’q’,’a),(‘t’,’o’,’o,’l’))

66). Python tuple program to order tuples by external list.
Input=
a=[(‘very’,8),(‘i’,6),(‘am,5),(‘happy’,0)]
List=[‘i’,’am’,’very’,’happy’]
Output=
[(‘i’,6),(‘am’,5),(‘very’,8),(‘happy’,0)]

67). Python tuple program to find common elements between two lists of tuples.
Input=
A=[(1,5),(4,8),(3,9)]
B=[(9,3),(5,6),(5,1),(0,4)]
Output=
{(3,9),(1,5)}

68). Python tuple program to convert a binary tuple to an integer.
Input=
A=(1,0,0)
Output=
4
Explanation=
2^2+0+0=4

69). Python tuple program to count the total number of unique tuples.
Input=
[ (8, 9), (4, 7), (3, 6), (8, 9) ]
Output=
3

70). Python tuple program to calculate the average of the elements in the tuple.
Input=
(5, 3, 9, 6)
Output=
5.75

71). Python tuple program to swap tuples.
Input=
A=(7,4,9)
B=(3,)
Output=
A=(3,)
B=(7,4,9)

72). Python tuple program to check the type of the input and return True if the type is a tuple and False if it is not a tuple.
Input=
A=( 7, 4, 9, 2, 0 )
Output=
True

73). Python tuple program to find the last element of a tuple using negative indexing.
Input=
A=(‘p’,y’,’t’,’o’,’n’)
Output=
n

Python File Handling Programs, Exercises

Python File Handling Programs refers to the process of manipulating files on a computer using Python programming language. In Python, you can perform various operations on files such as reading, writing, appending, and deleting files.

To perform file handling in Python, you first need to open a file. The open() function is used to open a file. It takes two parameters – the file name (along with the path, if necessary) and the mode in which you want to open the file.

1). Python Program How to read a file in reading mode.

2). Python file program to overwrite the existing file content.

3). Python file program to append data to an existing file.

4). Python file program to get the file’s first three and last three lines.

5). Python file program to get all the email ids from a text file.

6). Python file program to get a specific line from the file.

7). Python file program to get odd lines from files and append them to separate files.

8). Python file program to read a file line by line and store it in a list.

9). Python file program to find the longest word in a file.

10). Python file program to get the count of a specific word in a file.

11). Python file program to read a random line from a file.

12). Python file program to copy the file’s contents to another file after converting it to lowercase.

13). Python file program to copy the file’s contents to another file after converting it to uppercase.

14). Python file program to count all the words from a file.

15). Python file program to sort all the lines File as per line length size.

16). Python file program to consider a text file as a DB file and store all the student information in a text file.

17). Python file program to create n number of text files with given strings.

18). Python file program to generate text files with all alphabets. e.g. A.txt , B.txt, C.txt….. Z.txt

19). Python file program to get all odd and even length words in two lists.

20). Python file program to get all mobile numbers from a file. e.g each mobile number size should be 10.

21). Python file program to get a list of all domains from a file. e.g. .com, .au, .in

22). Python file program to compare two files.

23). Python file program to count the number of lines in a file.

24). Python file program to get the file size of a file.

25). Python file program to write a tuple to a file.

26). Python file program to check whether a file is closed or not.

27). Python file program to extract characters from a text file into a list.

28). Python file program to read the data of two of the files created and add it to a new file.

29). Python file program to count the total number of characters in a file.

30). Python file program to count the total number of Uppercase characters in a file.

31). Python file program to count the total number of Lowercase characters in a file.

32). Python file program to count the total number of digits in a file.

33). Python file program to count the total number of special characters in a file.

34). Python file program to find the cursor position in a file.

35). Python file program to move the cursor to a specific position in a file.

36). Python file program to read the content of the file in reverse order.

37). Python file program to read a file and display each word separated by @.

38). Python file program to count the total number of vowels in a file.

39). Python file program to count the total number of consonants in a file.

40). Python file program to remove all the lines that contain the character ‘t’ in a file and write it to another file.

41). Python file program to display words from a file that has less than 5 characters.

42). Python file program to replace space by an underscore in a file.

For reference here python input/output official documentation.

Python If else Practice Programs, Exercises

Python If else practice programs help beginners to get expertise in conditional programming login. The if-else statement is a conditional statement in programming. It executes a set of instructions if a particular condition is true, and another set of instructions if the condition is false.

1). Python program to check given number is divided by 3 or not.

2). If else program to get all the numbers divided by 3 from 1 to 30.

3). If else program to assign grades as per total marks.
marks > 40: Fail
marks 40 – 50: grade C
marks 50 – 60: grade B
marks 60 – 70: grade A
marks 70 – 80: grade A+
marks 80 – 90: grade A++
marks 90 – 100: grade Excellent
marks > 100: Invalid marks

4). Python program to check the given number divided by 3 and 5.

5). Python program to print the square of the number if it is divided by 11.

6). Python program to check given number is a prime number or not.

7). Python program to check given number is odd or even.

8). Python program to check a given number is part of the Fibonacci series from 1 to 10.

9). Python program to check authentication with the given username and password.

10). Python program to validate user_id in the list of user_ids.

11). Python program to print a square or cube if the given number is divided by 2 or 3 respectively.

12). Python program to describe the interview process.

13). Python program to determine whether a given number is available in the list of numbers or not.

14). Python program to find the largest number among three numbers.

15). Python program to check any person eligible to vote or not
age > 18+ : eligible
age < 18: not eligible

16). Python program to check whether any given number is a palindrome.
Input: 121
Output: palindrome

17). Python program to check if any given string is palindrome or not.
Input: ‘jaj’
output = palindrome

18). Python program to check whether a student has passed the exam. If marks are greater than 35 students have passed the exam.
Input = Enter marks: 45
Output = Pass

19). Python program to check whether the given number is positive or not.
Input = 20
Output = True

20). Python program to check whether the given number is negative or not.
Input = -45
Output = True

21). Python program to check whether the given number is positive or negative and even or odd.
Input = 26
Output = The given number is positive and even

22). Python program to print the largest number from two numbers.
Input:
25, 63
Output = 63

23). Python program to check whether a given character is uppercase or not.
Input = A
Output = The given character is an Uppercase

24). Python program to check whether the given character is lowercase or not.
Input = c
Output = True

25). Python program to check whether the given number is an integer or not.
Input = 54
Output = True

26). Python program to check whether the given number is float or not.
Input = 12.6
Output = True

27). Python program to check whether the given input is a string or not.
Input = ‘sqatools’
Output = True

28). Python program to print all the numbers from 10-15 except 13
Output:
10
11
12
14

29). Python program to find the electricity bill. According to the following conditions:
Up to 50 units rs 0.50/unit
Up to 100 units rs 0.75/unit
Up to 250 units rs 1.25/unit
above 250 rs 1.50/unit
an additional surcharge of 17% is added to the bill
Input = 350
Output = 438.75

30). Python program to check whether a given year is a leap or not.
Input = 2000
Output = The given year is a leap year

31). Python Python program to check whether the input number if a multiple of two print “Fizz” instead of the number and for the multiples of three print “Buzz”. For numbers that are multiples of both two and three print “FizzBuzz”.
Input = 14
Output = Fizz
Input = 9
Output = Buzz
Input = 6
Output = FizzBuzz

32). Python program to check whether an alphabet is a vowel.
Input = A
Output = True

33). Python program to check whether an alphabet is a consonant.
Input = B
Output = True

34). Python program to convert the month name to the number of days.
Input = February
Output = 28/29 days

35). Python program to check whether a triangle is equilateral or not. An equilateral triangle is a triangle in which all three sides are equal.
Input:
Enter the length of the sides of the triangle
A=10
B=10
C=10
Output = True

36). Python program to check whether a triangle is scalene or not. A scalene triangle is a triangle that has three unequal sides.
Input:
Enter the length of the sides of the triangle
A=10
B=15
C=18
Output = True

37). Python program to check whether a triangle is isosceles or not. An isosceles triangle is a triangle with (at least) two equal sides.
Input:
Enter the length of the sides of the triangle
A=10
B=15
C=10
Output = True

38). Python program that reads month and returns season for that month.
Input = February
Output = Summer

39). Python program to check whether the input number is a float or not if yes then round up the number to 2 decimal places.
Input = 25.3614
Output = 25.36

40). Python program to check whether the input number is divisible by 12 or not.
Input = 121
Output = True

41). Python program to check whether the input number is a square of 6 or not.
Input = 37
Output = False

42). Python program to check whether the input number is a cube of 3 or not.
Input = 27
Output = True

43). Python program to check whether two numbers are equal or not.
Input:
A=26,B=88
Output = The given numbers are not equal

44). Python program to check whether the given input is a complex type or not.
Input:
a=5+6j
Output: True

45). Python program to check whether the given input is Boolean type or not.
Input:
a=True
Output = The given variable is Boolean

46). Python program to check whether the given input is List or not.
Input:
a=[1,3,6,8]
Output = True

47). Python program to check whether the given input is a dictionary or not.
Input:
A={‘name’:’Virat’,’sport’:’cricket’}
Output = True

48). Python program to check the eligibility of a person to sit on a roller coaster ride or not. Eligible when age is greater than 12.
Input = 15
Output = You are eligible

49). Python program to create 10 groups of numbers between 1-100 and find out given input belongs to which group using python nested if else statements.
Input= 36
Output = The given number belongs to 4th group

50). Python program to find employees eligible for bonus. A company decided to give a bonus of 10% to employees. If the employee has served more than 4 years. Ask the user for years served and check whether an employee is eligible for a bonus or not.
Input = Enter Years served: 5
Output = You are eligible for a bonus

51). Take values of the length and breadth of a rectangle from the user and check if it is square or not using the python if else statement.
Input:
Length= 4
Breadth= 5
Output = It is not a square

52). A shop will give a 10% discount if the bill is more than 1000, and 20% if the bill is more than 2000. Using the python program Calculate the discount based on the bill.
Input = 1500
Output = Discount amount: 150

53). Python program to print the absolute value of a number defined by the user.
Input = -1
Output = 1

54). Python program to check the student’s eligibility to attend the exam based on his/her attendance. If attendance is greater than 75% eligible if less than 75% not eligible.
Input = Enter attendance: 78
Output = You are eligible

55). Python program to check whether the last digit of a number defined by the user is divisible by 4 or not.
Input = 58
Output = The last digit is divisible by 4

56). Python program to display 1/0 if the user gives Hello/Bye as output.
Input = Enter your choice: Hello
Output = 1
Input = Enter your choice: Bye
Output = 0

57). Python program to accept the car price of a car and display the road tax to be paid according to the following criteria:
Cost price<500000 –> tax:15000
Cost price<1000000 –> tax:50000
Cost price<1500000 –> tax:80000
Input = Car Price: 1200000
Output = Tax payable: 50000

58). Using a python program take input from the user between 1 to 7 and print the day according to the number. 1 for Sunday 2 for Monday so on.
Input = Enter number: 7
Output = Saturday

59). Python program to accept the city name and display its monuments (take Pune and Mumbai as cities).
Input = Enter city name: Pune
Output:
Shaniwar vada
Lal mahal
Sinhgad fort

60). Python program to check whether the citizen is a senior citizen or not. An age greater than 60 than the given citizen is a senior citizen.
Input = Enter age: 70
Output = The given citizen is a senior citizen

61). Python program to find the lowest number between three numbers.
Input:
A=45
B=23
C=68
Output = 23

62). Python program to accept the temperature in Fahrenheit and check whether the water is boiling or not.
Hint: The boiling temperature of water in Fahrenheit is 212 degrees
Input = Enter temperature: 190
Output = Water is not boiling

63). Python program to accept two numbers and mathematical operations from users and perform mathematical operations according to it.
Input:
A=30
B=45
Operation = +
Output = 75

64). Python program to accept marks from the user allot the stream based on the following criteria.
Marks>85: Science
Marks>70: Commerce
35<Marks<70: Arts
Marks<35: Fail
Input = Marks: 88
Output = Science

Python Basic Programs, Exercises

Python basic programs contains Python Programming Examples with all native Python data type, mathematical operations on Python Variables. Typecasting of Python Variables and get understanding of Python Fundamentals.

1). Python Program to add two integer values.

2). Python Program to subtract two integer values.

3). Python program to multiply two numbers.

4). Python program to repeat a given string 5 times.
Input :
str1 = “SQATools”
Output :
“SQAToolsSQAToolsSQAToolsSQAToolsSQATools”

5). Python program to get the Average of given numbers.
Formula: sum of all the number/ total number
Input:
a = 40
b = 50
c = 30
Output :
Average = 40

6). Python program to get the median of given numbers.
Note: all the numbers should be arranged in ascending order
Formula : (n+1)/2
n = Number of values
Input : [45, 60, 61, 66, 70, 77, 80]
Output: 66

7). Python program to print the square and cube of a given number.
Input :
num1 = 9
Output :
Square = 81
Cube = 729

8). Python program to interchange values between variables.
Input :
a = 10
b = 20
Output :
a = 20
b = 10

9). Python program to solve this Pythagorous theorem.
Theorem : (a2 + b2 = c2)

10). Python program to solve the given math formula.
Formula : (a + b)2 = a^2 + b^2 + 2ab

11). Python program to solve the given math formula.
Formula : (a – b)2 = a^2 + b^2 – 2ab

12). Python program to solve the given math formula.
Formula : a2 – b2 = (a-b)(a+b)

13). Python program to solve the given math formula.
Formula : (a + b)3 = a3 + 3ab(a+b) + b3

14). Python program to solve the given math formula.
Formula : (a – b)3 = a3 – 3a2b + 3ab2 – b3

15). Python program to calculate the area of the square.
Formula : area = a*a

16). Python program to calculate the area of a circle.
Formula = PI*r*r
r = radius
PI = 3.14

17). Python program to calculate the area of a cube.
Formula = 6*a*a

18). Python program to calculate the area of the cylinder.
Formula = 2*PI*r*h + 2*PI*r*r

19). Python program to check whether the given number is an Armstrong number or not.
Example: 153 = 1*1*1 + 5*5*5 + 3*3*3

20). Python program to calculate simple interest.
Formula = P+(P/r)*t
P = Principle Amount
r = Anual interest rate
t = time

21). Python program to print the current date in the given format
Output: 2023 Jan 05
Note: Use the DateTime library

22). Python program to calculate days between 2 dates.
Input date : (2023, 1, 5) (2023, 1, 22)
Output: 17 days

23). Python program to get the factorial of the given number.

24). Python program to reverse a given number.

25). Python program to get the Fibonacci series between 0 to 50.

26). Python program to check given number is palindrome or not.

27). Python program to calculate compound interest.

28). Python program to check the prime number.

29). Python program to check leap year.

30). Python program to check for the anagram.
Note: rearrangement of the letters of a word to another word, using all the original letters exactly once.

31). Python program to generate random numbers.

32). Python program to generate a random string with a specific length.

33). Python program to get the current date.

34). Python program to convert Decimal to Binary.

35). Python program to find the sum of natural numbers.

36). Python program to find HCF.

37). Python program to find LCM.

38). Python program to find the square root of a number.
Note: Use the math library to get the square root.

39). Python program to calculate the volume of a sphere.
Formula = (4/3*pi*r^2)
r = radius
pi = 3

40). Python program to perform mathematical operations on two numbers.