Python Installation & Configuration

Dummy Booking Website

Dummy ticket websites provide different web elements to do the automation

Dummy Ticket Booking Website

Choose the correct option:

Dummy ticket for visa application – $200
Dummy return ticket – $300
Dummy hotel booking ticket – $400
Dummy hotel and flight booking – $500
Cab booking and return date – $600

Passenger Details

First Name

Last Name

Date of birth*

Sex*
Male Female

Number of Additional Passangers

Travel Details

One Way Round Trip

From City Destination City

Departure Date Return Date

Delivery Option

Visa interview/ appointment date(optional)

How will you like to receive the dummy ticket(optional)

Email WhatsApp Both

Billing Details

Biling Name*

Phone*

Email address*

Street address*

Country*

Postcode / ZIP* Prefecture

Street address*

Most Visited Cities

City ID	City Name	Passengers
6001	Mumbai	1033
6002	Pune	2002
6003	Indore	3000
6004	Kolkata	5000
6005	Hyderabad	6000
6006	Orangabad	3456
6007	Delhi	5666

The is_selected() method in Selenium is used to check whether a web element, such as a checkbox, radio button, or option in a dropdown, is currently selected or not. It returns True if the element is selected and False if it is not.

Syntax:

element.is_selected()

Example:

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By

# Set up the driver (assuming you're using Chrome)
driver = webdriver.Chrome()

# Open a webpage with website example
driver.get('https://example.com')

# Locate a checkbox or radio button element
checkbox = driver.find_element(By.ID, 'checkbox_id')

# Check if the checkbox is selected
if checkbox.is_selected():
    print("The checkbox is selected.")
else:
    print("The checkbox is not selected.")

# Close the browser
driver.quit()

Example with checkbox selection

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By

driver = webdriver.Chrome()

driver.implicitly_wait(20)
driver.maximize_window()

# Open dummy website on the browser
driver.get('https://sqatools.in/dummy-booking-website/')

# get check element
checkbox_element = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//table//tr[2]//input")

# check is_selected status before selecting checkbox
print("is_selected status:", checkbox_element.is_selected()) # False

checkbox_element.click()

# check is_selected status after selecting checkbox
print("is_selected status:", checkbox_element.is_selected() # True

# Close browser
driver.quit()

Explanation:

element.is_selected() works primarily for form elements like checkboxes, radio buttons, and options within a <select> dropdown.
If the element is selected (checked for a checkbox, selected for a radio button or dropdown option), it returns True. Otherwise, it returns False.

This method is useful when you need to verify the state of form elements before taking further action.

SQL Revoke Statement

SQL Revoke Statement Tutorial

Welcome to our comprehensive tutorial on the SQL REVOKE statement! In this guide, we will explore the SQL REVOKE statement, which is used to revoke specific privileges or permissions previously granted to users or roles within a database. We’ll provide a detailed understanding of the REVOKE statement, its advantages, use cases, and demonstrate its usage with practical examples using MySQL syntax.

Understanding SQL REVOKE Statement

The SQL REVOKE statement is a Data Control Language (DCL) statement used to revoke previously granted privileges or permissions from users or roles on database objects. It allows administrators to remove specific access rights, ensuring data security and access control in a database. REVOKE statements help in controlling who can perform certain actions on database objects.

The basic syntax of the REVOKE statement is as follows:

– `privileges`: The specific privileges or permissions being revoked (e.g., SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE).

– `object_name`: The name of the database object (e.g., table, view) on which the privileges are revoked.

– `user_or_role`: The user or role from whom the privileges are revoked.

Advantages of Using REVOKE Statement

Access Control: REVOKE statements allow administrators to fine-tune access control by removing specific privileges.
Data Security: Helps maintain data security by restricting access to sensitive data or operations.
Data Integrity: Prevents unauthorized modifications to data, maintaining data integrity.
Change Management: Facilitates change management by adjusting user privileges as roles change.
Compliance: Assists in meeting compliance requirements by controlling data access.

Use Cases for REVOKE Statement

Access Removal: Revoke previously granted privileges when a user’s role changes or when access is no longer required.
Data Security: Quickly respond to security breaches by revoking unauthorized access.
Data Cleanup: Remove access to objects when they are no longer needed or relevant.
Compliance Maintenance: Adjust privileges to align with changing compliance requirements.
Temporary Access: Revoke temporary privileges granted for specific tasks or projects.

Example of SQL REVOKE Statement

Let’s illustrate the SQL REVOKE statement with an example of revoking the SELECT privilege on a “students” table from a user.

Sample REVOKE Statement (Revoking SELECT Privilege):

In this example, the REVOKE statement removes the SELECT privilege on the “students” table from the user “john.” This action prevents “john” from querying data from the table.

The SQL REVOKE statement is a critical tool for maintaining data security and access control in database systems, ensuring that only authorized users can perform specific operations on database objects.

SQL Grant Statement

SQL Grant Statement Tutorial

Introduction

Welcome to our comprehensive tutorial on the SQL GRANT statement! In this guide, we will explore the SQL GRANT statement, which is used to assign specific privileges or permissions to users or roles within a database. We’ll provide a detailed understanding of the GRANT statement, its advantages, use cases, and demonstrate its usage with practical examples using MySQL syntax.

Understanding SQL GRANT Statement

The SQL GRANT statement is a Data Control Language (DCL) statement used to grant specific privileges or permissions to users or roles on database objects such as tables, views, procedures, or even the entire database. GRANT statements enable administrators to control who can perform certain actions on database objects, ensuring data security and access control.

The basic syntax of the GRANT statement is as follows:

– `privileges`: The specific privileges or permissions being granted (e.g., SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE).

– `object_name`: The name of the database object (e.g., table, view) on which the privileges are granted.

– `user_or_role`: The user or role to whom the privileges are granted.

Advantages of Using GRANT Statement

Access Control: GRANT statements allow fine-grained control over who can perform specific actions on database objects.
Data Security: Ensures data security by limiting access to sensitive data or operations.
Data Integrity: Helps maintain data integrity by restricting unauthorized modifications.
Collaboration: Facilitates collaboration by granting necessary access to users or roles.
Compliance: Assists in meeting compliance requirements by controlling data access.

Use Cases for GRANT Statement

User Access: Grant SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE privileges to users to control data manipulation.
Role-Based Access: Assign permissions to roles and then grant roles to users for consistent access control.
View Access: Allow users to query specific views while hiding underlying table structures.
Stored Procedure Execution: Permit users to execute stored procedures without revealing implementation details.
Database Administration: Grant DBA (Database Administrator) privileges to manage the entire database.

Example of SQL GRANT Statement

Let’s illustrate the SQL GRANT statement with an example of granting SELECT and INSERT privileges on a “students” table to a user.

Sample GRANT Statement (Granting SELECT and INSERT Privileges):

In this example, the GRANT statement assigns the SELECT and INSERT privileges on the “students” table to the user “john.” This allows “john” to read and insert data into the table.

The SQL GRANT statement is an essential tool for managing data access and security in database systems, ensuring that only authorized users can perform specific operations on database objects.

SQL Drop Statement

SQL Drop Statement Tutorial

Introduction

Welcome to our in-depth tutorial on the SQL DROP statement! In this guide, we will thoroughly examine the SQL DROP statement, a crucial tool for removing database objects such as tables, indexes, or views. We’ll provide you with a comprehensive understanding of the DROP statement, its benefits, practical applications, and demonstrate its usage with hands-on examples using MySQL syntax.

Understanding SQL DROP Statement

The Data Definition Language (DDL) subset includes the SQL DROP statement. Its main objective is to make it easier to delete database objects like tables, indexes, views, or constraints. This functionality is necessary to either get rid of things that are no longer needed or to rearrange the database’s structure. When using the DROP statement, you must use extreme caution because it permanently deletes the selected object and any associated data.

For instance, the fundamental syntax of the DROP statement for deleting a table is as follows:

– `table_name`: The name of the table you intend to delete.

The DROP statement can also be utilized for other operations like deleting views, indexes, or constraints.

Advantages of Using the DROP Statement

Database Cleanup: DROP statements serve as an effective means to clean up unnecessary or obsolete database objects, streamlining your database.
Data Privacy: By employing DROP statements, you can delete sensitive data or objects, thereby upholding data privacy and security standards.
Schema Optimization: Eliminate unused or redundant tables and objects to optimize the overall database schema.
Resource Management: Free up valuable storage space and other resources by purging objects that are no longer in use.
Database Maintenance: Simplify database maintenance by getting rid of objects that are associated with outdated or deprecated features.

Applications of the DROP Statement

The SQL DROP statement finds relevance in various scenarios, including:

Table Deletion: Deleting tables that have become obsolete or contain outdated data.
View Deletion: Removing views that are no longer pertinent for querying data.
Index Removal: Discarding indexes that are no longer relevant for query optimization.
Constraint Elimination: Getting rid of constraints that are no longer necessary or applicable.
Cleanup Operations: Leveraging DROP statements as part of periodic database cleanup routines to ensure a clutter-free database environment.

Example of SQL DROP Statement

Let’s illustrate the SQL DROP statement through an example where we delete a “students” table from a database.

Sample DROP Statement (Deleting a Table):

In this example, the DROP statement is used to permanently remove the “students” table from the database. This action entails the deletion of all data within the table and the table’s structure.

Caution: It’s essential to exercise extreme caution when using DROP statements, as they can lead to the irrevocable loss of data and database objects.

SQL Alter Statement

SQL Alter Statement Tutorial

Introduction

Welcome to our comprehensive tutorial on the SQL ALTER statement! In this guide, we will delve into the SQL ALTER statement, a powerful tool for modifying the structure of existing database tables. We will provide you with an in-depth understanding of the ALTER statement, its benefits, real-world applications, and demonstrate its practical usage using MySQL syntax.

Understanding SQL ALTER Statement

The SQL ALTER statement belongs to the Data Definition Language (DDL) category, and its primary purpose is to bring about structural changes to an existing database table. With ALTER, you have the capability to add, modify, or remove columns, constraints, indexes, and more within a table. These statements are indispensable for tailoring database schemas to evolving requirements or rectifying design issues within the schema.

The syntax of an ALTER statement for adding a column is as follows:

– `table_name`: The name of the table to which you want to append a column.

– `column_name`: The designated name for the new column.

– `data_type`: The data type attributed to the new column.

The ALTER statement also accommodates other operations such as column modifications, constraint additions, or table renaming.

Advantages of Using the ALTER Statement

Schema Flexibility: ALTER statements empower you to adjust the database schema, seamlessly adapting to dynamic business requirements without necessitating the creation of a new table.
Data Consistency: These statements facilitate the establishment of data consistency rules through the incorporation of constraints and indexes.
Data Migration: When undergoing data migration processes, you can employ ALTER statements to align tables with new schema designs.
Performance Enhancement: Modify indexes and column types to enhance query performance, thus optimizing database operations.
Error Rectification: Correct schema design issues or rectify mistakes made during the initial table creation process.

Real-world Applications of the ALTER Statement

The SQL ALTER statement finds relevance in various scenarios, including:

Adding Columns: When you need to incorporate new columns into a table for storing additional data or accommodating evolving requirements.
Modifying Columns: Altering the data type or size of existing columns to better align with the nature of the data.
Adding Constraints: Enforcing data integrity by introducing primary key, unique, or foreign key constraints within the table.
Adding Indexes: Boosting query performance by adding indexes to columns frequently used in WHERE clauses.
Renaming Tables: Renaming tables to maintain consistency or reflect changes in data usage patterns.

Example of SQL ALTER Statement

Let’s illustrate the SQL ALTER statement through an example where we add a new column to a “students” table.

Sample ALTER Statement (Adding a Column):

In this example, the ALTER statement is employed to append a “gender” column with the data type VARCHAR(10) to the “students” table. This modification enables the storage of gender-related information for each student.

The SQL ALTER statement stands as a vital tool for the efficient management of database schemas by database administrators and developers.

SQL Delete Statement

SQL Delete Statement Tutorial

Introduction

Welcome to our comprehensive guide on the SQL DELETE statement! In this tutorial, we will delve into the SQL DELETE statement, a crucial tool for erasing existing records from a database table. Our objective is to provide you with a comprehensive understanding of the DELETE statement, its benefits, real-world applications, and illustrate its practical usage through MySQL syntax examples.

Understanding SQL DELETE Statements

The SQL DELETE statement belongs to the realm of Data Manipulation Language (DML) and serves as the cornerstone for removing existing records from a database table. It empowers you to specify conditions that pinpoint which rows should be expunged from the table. This operation is instrumental in preserving data integrity and purging outdated or superfluous data.

The syntax of the DELETE statement is as follows:

– `table_name`: Denotes the name of the table from which data deletion is intended.

– `WHERE condition`: Defines the condition governing which rows should undergo deletion. If omitted, all rows within the table are subject to deletion.

Advantages of Using DELETE Statements

Data Cleanup: DELETE statements are the bedrock for cleaning up and removing undesired data from a database.
Data Integrity: They play a pivotal role in preserving data integrity by eliminating outmoded or erroneous records.
Resource Management: DELETE operations release storage space and other resources occupied by redundant data.
Security: DELETE statements can be harnessed to obliterate sensitive or confidential information residing within the database.
Performance: They contribute to improved query and system performance by curbing the volume of data.

Use Cases of DELETE Statements

User Account Deactivation: Effectively delete user accounts and associated data when users request account deactivation.
Log File Maintenance: Eliminate older log entries to manage log file size and enhance system performance.
Data Retention Policies: Enforce data retention policies by deleting records that exceed stipulated retention periods.
Data Privacy Compliance: Eradicate customer or employee data to align with data privacy regulations such as GDPR.
Orphaned Records: Purge records that lack associated references, such as orphaned child records in a parent-child relationship.

Example of an SQL DELETE Statement

Let’s elucidate the SQL DELETE statement through an example involving the removal of a specific student record from a “students” table.

Sample DELETE Statement:

In this instance, the DELETE statement is leveraged to expunge a student record from the “students” table. The condition stipulated within the WHERE clause ensures that only the student with a “student_id” of 4 faces deletion.

The SQL DELETE statement stands as an indispensable instrument for data management and purification, guaranteeing the efficiency and tidiness of your database.

SQL Update Statement

SQL Update Statement Tutorial

Introduction

Welcome to our comprehensive guide on the SQL UPDATE statement! In this tutorial, we will dive into the SQL UPDATE statement, a vital tool for altering existing records within a database table. Our aim is to provide a detailed understanding of the UPDATE statement, explore its advantages, real-world applications, and demonstrate its practical usage using MySQL syntax.

Understanding SQL UPDATE Statements

The SQL UPDATE statement falls under the domain of Data Manipulation Language (DML) and plays a pivotal role in modifying existing records within a database table. It empowers you to change the values of one or more columns in one or more rows of a table, contingent upon specified conditions. This operation is indispensable for keeping data up-to-date and accurate in a database.

The fundamental syntax of the UPDATE statement is as follows:

– `table_name`: Identifies the table where data updates are desired.

– `column1, column2, …`: Represents the columns slated for modification.

– `value1, value2, …`: Signifies the new values to be assigned to the respective columns.

– `WHERE condition`: Articulates the conditions dictating which rows should undergo updates. If omitted, all rows within the table are affected.

Advantages of Using UPDATE Statements

Data Maintenance: UPDATE statements are pivotal for maintaining data currency by revising existing records.
Data Rectification: Facilitates the correction of errors or inaccuracies within the database.
Efficiency: Multiple records can be updated within a single statement, enhancing operational efficiency.
Data Transformation: Proves beneficial for data transformation or conversion as per specific requirements.
Audit Trails: Can be harnessed to record alterations made to specific records, a valuable asset for auditing purposes.

Use Cases of UPDATE Statements

User Profile Updates: Empower users to update their profile information within a user database.
Inventory Management: Modify product quantities within an inventory system when items are purchased or restocked.
Data Cleansing: Rectify or standardize data formats, such as addresses or phone numbers.
Status Updates: Alter the status of orders, tasks, or projects to reflect progress.
Data Migration: During data migration, tweak records to align with the new schema or data requisites.

Example of an SQL UPDATE Statement

Let’s elucidate the SQL UPDATE statement through an example involving the update of student records within a “students” table.

Sample UPDATE Statement:

In this instance, the UPDATE statement is harnessed to modify the “enrollment_date” of a specific student within the “students” table. The condition specified within the WHERE clause ensures that only the student with a “student_id” of 3 experiences an alteration in their enrollment date to ‘2023-09-10’.

The SQL UPDATE statement stands as a pivotal instrument for preserving data precision and integrity within a database, cementing its status as an integral facet of database management.

SQL Select Statement

SQL Select Statement Tutorial

Introduction

Welcome to our comprehensive guide on the SQL SELECT statement! The SQL SELECT statement, one of the most basic and commonly used statements in SQL, will be covered in detail in this tutorial. We will give a comprehensive review of the SELECT statement, clarify its fundamental ideas, emphasize its benefits, investigate numerous use cases, and offer useful examples using MySQL syntax throughout this article.

Understanding SQL SELECT Statement

The fundamental function of the SQL SELECT statement, which is a member of the Data Query Language (DQL) group, is to retrieve data from one or more tables within a database. You can use this statement to indicate the precise data you want to retrieve, the table(s) from which to get it, and the conditions to filter the outcomes.

The basic syntax of the SELECT statement can be summarized as follows:

– `column1, column2, …`: These are the columns you intend to retrieve from the table. You can use `*` as a wildcard to select all columns.

– `table_name`: Denotes the name of the table from which data retrieval is desired.

– `condition`: This is an optional element that lets you filter the rows returned based on specified criteria.

Advantages of Utilizing the SELECT Statement

Data Retrieval: The SELECT statement is your gateway to retrieving data from one or more tables in a structured and organized manner.
Data Transformation: It empowers you to aggregate, sort, and format data, making it suitable for in-depth analysis.
Data Filtering: You can apply conditions to focus on specific data subsets, enhancing precision in results.
Data Analysis: For data analysis, reporting, and informed decision-making, the SELECT statement is indispensable.
Data Joining: When dealing with multiple tables, the SELECT statement facilitates data combination through JOIN operations.

Use Cases for SELECT Statement

Data Reporting: Use it to retrieve data for generating reports, charts, and interactive dashboards.
Data Analysis: Perform data queries to carry out statistical analysis and derive actionable insights.
Data Extraction: Extract precisely the data you need for integration into other applications or for data migration purposes.
Data Validation: Employ SELECT statements to validate data integrity by identifying inconsistencies or errors.
Data Presentation: Showcase retrieved data on websites, applications, or user interfaces for end-user consumption.

Example of SQL SELECT Statement

Let’s bring the SQL SELECT statement to life with an example. In this scenario, we will retrieve data from a “students” table.

Sample SELECT Statement (Retrieving Data):

Output

first_name	last_name
John	Doe
Jane	Smith
Alice	Johnson
Michael	Williams
Sarah	Brown

In this illustration, the SELECT statement extracts the “first_name” and “last_name” columns from the “students” table, resulting in a list of student names.

The SQL SELECT statement represents the cornerstone of database querying and data retrieval. Its role in extracting, analyzing, and presenting data for myriad purposes underscores its significance. As a result, it stands as a foundational skill for individuals engaged in database-related tasks.