Variables Scope In Python

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1. Local Scope Example

Variables declared inside a function are local to that function.

def my_function():
    x = 10   # local variable
    print("Inside function:", x)

my_function()
print("Outside function:", x)  # ❌ Error: x is not defined

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2. Global Scope Example

Variable declared outside a function can be accessed anywhere.

x = 50   # global variable

def display():
    print("Inside function:", x)

display()
print("Outside function:", x)

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3. Modifying Global Variable Inside a Function

Use the global keyword to change it.

count = 0

def update():
    global count
    count = count + 1
    print("Inside function:", count)

update()
print("Outside function:", count)

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4. Enclosing Scope (Nested Functions)

Inner function can access variable from the outer function.

def outer():
    name = "Python"   # enclosing variable

    def inner():
        print("Accessing enclosing variable:", name)
    
    inner()

outer()

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5. Modify Enclosing Variable using nonlocal

The nonlocal keyword allows modifying a variable in the outer (enclosing) function.

def outer():
    count = 10
    
    def inner():
        nonlocal count
        count += 5
        print("Inside inner:", count)
    
    inner()
    print("Inside outer:", count)

outer()