🟢 1. What is Playwright?

Answer:
Playwright is an open-source automation framework developed by Microsoft for end-to-end testing of web applications.

Key Features:

Cross-browser support (Chromium, Firefox, WebKit)
Auto-waiting
Headless & headed execution
Parallel execution
Network interception

🟢 2. Why Playwright over Selenium?

Answer:

Feature	Playwright	Selenium
Auto-wait	✅ Built-in	❌ Manual
Speed	Faster	Slower
Multi-tab	Easy	Complex
Network mocking	Built-in	Limited
Modern support	Yes	Limited

🟢 3. How to install Playwright?

Answer:

npm init playwright@latest

🟢 4. Basic Test Example

import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test';test('Google search test', async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto('https://google.com');
  await page.fill('input[name="q"]', 'Playwright');
  await page.press('input[name="q"]', 'Enter');
  await expect(page).toHaveTitle(/Playwright/);
});

🟡 5. What is Auto-Waiting?

Answer:
Playwright automatically waits for:

Elements to be visible
Elements to be stable
Network to be idle

Example:

await page.click('#submit'); // waits automatically

🟡 6. What are Locators?

Answer:
Locators are used to find elements.

page.locator('#id');
page.locator('.class');
page.getByText('Login');
page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Submit' });

🟡 7. Difference between `locator()` and `page.$()`

Answer:

locator() → Auto-wait + retry
page.$() → Returns immediately (not reliable)

🟡 8. How to handle dropdowns?

await page.selectOption('#dropdown', 'value1');

🟡 9. Handling checkboxes

await page.check('#checkbox');
await page.uncheck('#checkbox');

🟡 10. Handling alerts

page.on('dialog', async dialog => {
  await dialog.accept();
});

🔵 11. How to handle multiple tabs?

const [newPage] = await Promise.all([
  context.waitForEvent('page'),
  page.click('#openTab')
]);await newPage.waitForLoadState();

🔵 12. File upload

await page.setInputFiles('#fileInput', 'test.pdf');

🔵 13. File download

const [download] = await Promise.all([
  page.waitForEvent('download'),
  page.click('#downloadBtn')
]);await download.saveAs('file.pdf');

🔵 14. What is Page Object Model (POM)?

Answer:
Design pattern to separate UI and test logic.

Example:

export class LoginPage {
  constructor(private page) {}  async login(username, password) {
    await this.page.fill('#user', username);
    await this.page.fill('#pass', password);
    await this.page.click('#login');
  }
}

🔵 15. API Testing in Playwright

import { request } from '@playwright/test';test('API Test', async () => {
  const apiContext = await request.newContext();
  const response = await apiContext.get('/api/users');
  console.log(await response.json());
});

🔴 16. How to handle authentication?

test.use({ storageState: 'auth.json' });

Save session:

await page.context().storageState({ path: 'auth.json' });

🔴 17. Parallel Execution

npx playwright test --workers=4

🔴 18. Retry Failed Tests

// playwright.config.ts
retries: 2

🔴 19. How to handle dynamic elements?

await page.locator('//button[text()="Submit"]').click();

Use:

XPath
contains()
text-based locators

🔴 20. Network Interception

await page.route('**/api/users', route => {
  route.fulfill({
    status: 200,
    body: JSON.stringify({ name: 'Mock User' })
  });
});

🧠 Advanced Scenario-Based Questions

🔥 21. Banking App Login + OTP

Solution Approach:

Mock OTP API
Use API interception

await page.route('**/otp', route => {
  route.fulfill({ body: JSON.stringify({ otp: '123456' }) });
});

🔥 22. E-commerce Add to Cart Flow

await page.click('text=Add to Cart');
await expect(page.locator('#cart')).toContainText('1 item');

🔥 23. Handling Flaky Tests

Best Practices:

Use locators instead of selectors
Avoid hard waits
Use waitForLoadState()

🔥 24. Multi-user Session (Admin + User)

const adminContext = await browser.newContext();
const userContext = await browser.newContext();const adminPage = await adminContext.newPage();
const userPage = await userContext.newPage();

🔥 25. CI/CD Integration

Use:

GitHub Actions
Jenkins

Example:

- name: Run Playwright Tests
  run: npx playwright test

26. What is Browser Context in Playwright?

Answer:
A Browser Context is an isolated session (like an incognito window).

Why important?

Test isolation
Multi-user testing
No shared cookies/session

const context = await browser.newContext();
const page = await context.newPage();

👉 Think: One browser → multiple contexts → multiple users

🔴 27. Difference between Browser, Context, and Page

Component	Description
Browser	Actual browser instance
Context	Isolated session
Page	Tab inside context

🔴 28. How to reuse login session across tests?

Answer:
Use storage state

// Save session
await context.storageState({ path: 'auth.json' });// Reuse session
test.use({ storageState: 'auth.json' });

🔴 29. How to handle iFrames?

const frame = page.frameLocator('#frameId');
await frame.locator('#input').fill('Hello');

🔴 30. Shadow DOM handling

await page.locator('css=custom-element >> text=Submit').click();

🔴 31. How to debug Playwright tests?

Answer:

Run in debug mode:

npx playwright test --debug

Use:

await page.pause();

🔴 32. Trace Viewer in Playwright

Answer:
Playwright provides a trace viewer for debugging failures.

npx playwright show-trace trace.zip

🔴 33. How to capture screenshots?

await page.screenshot({ path: 'screenshot.png' });

Full page:

await page.screenshot({ path: 'full.png', fullPage: true });

🔴 34. How to record videos?

const context = await browser.newContext({
  recordVideo: { dir: 'videos/' }
});

🔴 35. Handling dynamic waits (best approach)

Avoid:

await page.waitForTimeout(5000); ❌

Use:

await page.waitForSelector('#element'); ✅

🔴 36. Soft Assertions in Playwright

import { expect } from '@playwright/test';await expect.soft(page.locator('#status')).toHaveText('Success');

🔴 37. Hard vs Soft Assertions

Type	Behavior
Hard	Stops execution
Soft	Continues execution

🔴 38. How to run specific test file?

npx playwright test login.spec.ts

🔴 39. Run tests in headed mode

npx playwright test --headed

🔴 40. Environment configuration

// playwright.config.ts
use: {
  baseURL: 'https://staging.example.com'
}

Usage:

await page.goto('/');

🧠 Real-Time Scenario Questions (Very Important)

🔥 41. Scenario: Element is visible but click fails

Possible reasons:

Overlay present
Element not stable
Animation

Solution:

await page.locator('#btn').click({ force: true });

Better:

await expect(locator).toBeVisible();
await locator.click();

🔥 42. Scenario: Test passes locally but fails in CI

Reasons:

Timing issues
Environment difference
Headless issues

Fix:

Use proper waits
Enable retries
Use trace viewer

🔥 43. Scenario: Handling infinite scrolling

await page.evaluate(() => window.scrollBy(0, window.innerHeight));

Loop until element appears:

while (!(await page.locator('#item').isVisible())) {
  await page.mouse.wheel(0, 1000);
}

🔥 44. Scenario: Validate table data

const rows = page.locator('table tr');const count = await rows.count();for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
  const text = await rows.nth(i).textContent();
  console.log(text);
}

🔥 45. Scenario: Handling date picker

await page.click('#date');
await page.click('text=25');

🔥 46. Scenario: Handling authentication popup

await page.goto('https://user:pass@example.com');

🔥 47. Scenario: Drag and Drop

await page.dragAndDrop('#source', '#target');

🔥 48. Scenario: Handling file download validation

const path = await download.path();
expect(path).toContain('file');

🔥 49. Scenario: Validate API response + UI

const response = await page.waitForResponse('**/api/data');
const data = await response.json();expect(data.name).toBe('Test');

🔥 50. Scenario: Retry only failed tests

npx playwright test --retries=2

🎯 Advanced Framework Design Questions

🔷 51. How do you design a scalable Playwright framework?

Answer:

Structure:

tests/
pages/
utils/
fixtures/
config/

Best practices:

Use POM
Use fixtures
Use environment configs
Separate test data

🔷 52. What are fixtures in Playwright?

test('example', async ({ page }) => {
  // page is a fixture
});

Custom fixture:

test.extend({
  loginPage: async ({ page }, use) => {
    await use(new LoginPage(page));
  }
});

🔷 53. Data-driven testing

const users = ['user1', 'user2'];for (const user of users) {
  test(`login test ${user}`, async ({ page }) => {
    console.log(user);
  });
}

🔷 54. Parallel vs Serial execution

test.describe.configure({ mode: 'parallel' });

Serial:

test.describe.configure({ mode: 'serial' });

🔷 55. Tags in Playwright

test('smoke test @smoke', async () => {});

Run:

npx playwright test -g "@smoke"

⚠️ Tricky Interview Questions

❓ 56. Why Playwright is faster?

WebSocket communication
No Selenium WebDriver layer
Direct browser control

❓ 57. Can Playwright handle multiple browsers at once?

Yes:

projects: [
  { name: 'Chromium' },
  { name: 'Firefox' },
  { name: 'WebKit' }
]

❓ 58. What happens if locator matches multiple elements?

Playwright throws strict mode error

Fix:

locator.first()
locator.nth(0)

❓ 59. Difference between `waitForSelector` and locator wait

locator → auto-wait
waitForSelector → manual wait

❓ 60. How do you reduce flakiness?

✔ Use locators
✔ Avoid hard waits
✔ Use retries
✔ Mock APIs
✔ Stable selectors

🔥 61. Scenario: Banking App – Secure Login with Token

Problem:
Login uses JWT token instead of UI login.

Solution:

Call API
Inject token into storage

const requestContext = await request.newContext();const response = await requestContext.post('/api/login', {
  data: { username: 'user', password: 'pass' }
});const body = await response.json();await context.addCookies([{
  name: 'token',
  value: body.token,
  domain: 'example.com',
  path: '/'
}]);

🔥 62. Scenario: Bypass CAPTCHA (Important Interview Question)

Reality:
Playwright cannot solve CAPTCHA

Best Practice:

Disable CAPTCHA in test environment
Mock API

🔥 63. Scenario: Handling WebSocket Testing

page.on('websocket', ws => {
  ws.on('framereceived', frame => {
    console.log(frame.payload);
  });
});

🔥 64. Scenario: Test microservices-based UI

Approach:

Mock dependent APIs
Validate UI independently

await page.route('**/orders', route => {
  route.fulfill({ body: JSON.stringify({ orders: [] }) });
});

🔥 65. Scenario: Handling flaky network

await page.route('**/*', route => {
  route.continue({ timeout: 10000 });
});

🔥 66. Scenario: Validate PDF download content

const buffer = await download.createReadStream();

Then parse using Node libraries

🔥 67. Scenario: Multi-language testing

await page.goto('/?lang=fr');
await expect(page.locator('h1')).toHaveText('Bonjour');

🔥 68. Scenario: Geo-location testing

const context = await browser.newContext({
  geolocation: { latitude: 28.6139, longitude: 77.2090 },
  permissions: ['geolocation']
});

🔥 69. Scenario: Timezone testing

const context = await browser.newContext({
  timezoneId: 'Asia/Kolkata'
});

🔥 70. Scenario: Testing notifications

await context.grantPermissions(['notifications']);

🏗️ Framework Architecture Questions (Very Important)

🔷 71. How to design enterprise-level Playwright framework?

Layers:

1. Tests
2. Page Objects
3. API Layer
4. Utilities
5. Test Data
6. Config

Key Additions:

Logging
Reporting
Retry strategy
Test tagging

🔷 72. How to implement reusable utilities?

Example:

export async function login(page, user) {
  await page.fill('#user', user);
}

🔷 73. Centralized test data management

Use:

JSON files
Environment variables

const data = require('./testData.json');

🔷 74. Logging in Playwright

Use console or integrate with tools like:

Winston
Custom logger

🔷 75. Reporting tools

Playwright supports:

HTML report
Allure report

npx playwright show-report

⚙️ CI/CD + DevOps Questions

🔧 76. How to run Playwright in CI/CD?

Using GitHub Actions:

name: Playwright Testson: [push]jobs:
  test:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
      - run: npm install
      - run: npx playwright install
      - run: npx playwright test

🔧 77. How to run tests in Docker?

FROM mcr.microsoft.com/playwright:v1.40.0
WORKDIR /app
COPY . .
RUN npm install
CMD ["npx", "playwright", "test"]

🔧 78. Headless vs Headed execution

Mode	Use Case
Headless	CI/CD
Headed	Debugging

🔧 79. How to reduce execution time?

✔ Parallel execution
✔ API mocking
✔ Reuse authentication
✔ Run only changed tests

🔧 80. Sharding tests

npx playwright test --shard=1/3

🔍 Debugging & Optimization

🛠️ 81. How to debug failed tests in CI?

Use trace viewer
Capture video
Capture logs

🛠️ 82. Memory leak issues

Cause:

Not closing contexts

await context.close();

🛠️ 83. Handling slow tests

Remove unnecessary steps
Use API setup instead of UI
Use fixtures

🛠️ 84. Test retries strategy

retries: process.env.CI ? 2 : 0

🛠️ 85. Fail fast strategy

maxFailures: 5

🔐 Security Testing (Important)

🔒 86. How to test authentication security?

Validate token expiration
Test invalid login

🔒 87. How to test authorization?

Admin vs user roles

expect(await page.isVisible('#adminPanel')).toBeFalsy();

🔒 88. Sensitive data handling

Avoid hardcoding credentials
Use env variables

🔒 89. HTTPS validation

expect(page.url()).toContain('https');

🔒 90. Cookie testing

const cookies = await context.cookies();

🎯 Expert-Level Tricky Questions

❓ 91. Difference between `browser.newPage()` and `context.newPage()`

browser.newPage() → new default context
context.newPage() → controlled session

❓ 92. Why avoid `waitForTimeout()`?

Causes flaky tests
Slows execution

❓ 93. How Playwright handles race conditions?

Auto-waiting
Event-based execution

❓ 94. Can Playwright test backend?

Yes:

API testing
Contract testing

❓ 95. How to test file upload without UI?

await request.post('/upload', {
  multipart: { file: fs.createReadStream('file.txt') }
});

❓ 96. What is test isolation?

Each test runs independently with:

New context
Clean state

❓ 97. How to handle feature flags?

await page.goto('/?feature=true');

❓ 98. How to test performance?

Basic:

const start = Date.now();
await page.goto('/');
console.log(Date.now() - start);

❓ 99. Can Playwright run without UI?

Yes → headless mode

❓ 100. When NOT to use Playwright?

Desktop app testing
Heavy performance testing (use JMeter)

Real-World Enterprise Scenarios in Playwright

🏦 1. Banking App – End-to-End Payment Flow

🎯 Problem

User logs in → adds beneficiary → transfers money → verifies transaction.

✅ Approach

Reuse login session
Mock OTP service
Validate UI + API

💻 Example

test('Fund transfer flow', async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto('/dashboard');  await page.click('text=Transfer');
  await page.fill('#account', '123456');
  await page.fill('#amount', '5000');
  await page.click('#submit');  await expect(page.locator('#status')).toHaveText('Success');
});

🧠 Best Practices

Avoid real payment → mock API
Validate transaction via backend API
Use test accounts

🛒 2. E-Commerce – Add to Cart + Checkout

🎯 Problem

User adds product → applies coupon → completes checkout.

✅ Approach

Use stable locators
Mock payment gateway
Validate price calculation

💻 Example

await page.click('text=Add to Cart');
await page.fill('#coupon', 'DISCOUNT10');
await page.click('#apply');await expect(page.locator('#total')).toContainText('900');

🧠 Best Practices

Mock payment APIs
Validate cart via API
Use data-driven tests

👥 3. Multi-User Role Testing (Admin vs User)

🎯 Problem

Admin creates data → user verifies it.

✅ Approach

Use multiple browser contexts

💻 Example

const adminContext = await browser.newContext();
const userContext = await browser.newContext();const adminPage = await adminContext.newPage();
const userPage = await userContext.newPage();await adminPage.goto('/admin');
await adminPage.click('#createUser');await userPage.goto('/dashboard');

🧠 Best Practices

Keep sessions isolated
Avoid shared cookies

🔐 4. Authentication Without UI (Token-Based Login)

🎯 Problem

✅ Approach

Call login API
Inject token

💻 Example

const response = await request.post('/api/login', {
  data: { username: 'user', password: 'pass' }
});const { token } = await response.json();await context.addCookies([{ name: 'token', value: token }]);

🧠 Best Practices

Avoid UI login in every test
Store auth state

🌐 5. Microservices UI – API Mocking

🎯 Problem

Frontend depends on unstable backend services

✅ Approach

Mock APIs

💻 Example

await page.route('**/orders', route => {
  route.fulfill({
    body: JSON.stringify({ orders: [] })
  });
});

🧠 Best Practices

Test UI independently
Simulate edge cases

📊 6. Data Validation Between UI and API

🎯 Problem

Ensure UI data matches backend response

💻 Example

const response = await page.waitForResponse('**/api/user');
const apiData = await response.json();const uiText = await page.locator('#username').textContent();expect(uiText).toBe(apiData.name);

🧠 Best Practices

Validate critical fields
Avoid over-validating

📱 7. Mobile Device Testing

🎯 Problem

Test responsive UI

💻 Example

import { devices } from '@playwright/test';test.use(devices['iPhone 13']);

🧠 Best Practices

Test key flows only
Avoid duplicating all tests

📦 8. File Upload & Download Validation

🎯 Problem

Upload invoice → download receipt → verify

💻 Example

await page.setInputFiles('#upload', 'invoice.pdf');const [download] = await Promise.all([
  page.waitForEvent('download'),
  page.click('#download')
]);

🧠 Best Practices

Validate file name
Validate file content (if critical)

🔁 9. Handling Retry & Flaky Tests

🎯 Problem

Tests fail intermittently in CI

✅ Fix

retries: 2

🧠 Best Practices

Fix root cause (don’t rely only on retry)
Use trace viewer

🧾 10. Infinite Scroll / Lazy Loading

🎯 Problem

Data loads on scroll

💻 Example

while (!(await page.locator('#item').isVisible())) {
  await page.mouse.wheel(0, 1000);
}

🧠 Best Practices

Add exit condition
Avoid infinite loops

🧪 11. Feature Flag Testing

🎯 Problem

Feature enabled only for some users

💻 Example

await page.goto('/?feature=true');

🧠 Best Practices

Test both ON and OFF states

🌍 12. Localization Testing

🎯 Problem

App supports multiple languages

💻 Example

await page.goto('/?lang=hi');
await expect(page.locator('h1')).toHaveText('नमस्ते');

🧠 Best Practices

Validate key UI texts
Avoid full UI comparison

📍 13. Geo-Location Testing

🎯 Problem

Content varies by location

💻 Example

await context.setGeolocation({ latitude: 28.61, longitude: 77.20 });

🔄 14. Background Job Validation

🎯 Problem

Async job updates UI later

💻 Example

await expect(page.locator('#status')).toHaveText('Completed', { timeout: 10000 });

⚙️ 15. CI/CD Pipeline Execution

🎯 Problem

Run tests on every deployment

💻 Example

Using Jenkins or GitHub Actions

npx playwright test

🔥 16. Handling CAPTCHA in Enterprise Apps

❗ Reality

Automation tools should not bypass CAPTCHA

✅ Approach

Disable in test env
Use mock/stub

🧠 17. High Data Volume Testing (Tables)

🎯 Problem

Validate large tables

💻 Example

const rows = await page.locator('table tr');
expect(await rows.count()).toBeGreaterThan(0);

🔐 18. Role-Based Access Testing

🎯 Problem

User should not access admin pages

💻 Example

await page.goto('/admin');
await expect(page).toHaveURL('/unauthorized');

⚡ 19. Performance Check (Basic)

💻 Example

const start = Date.now();
await page.goto('/');
console.log(Date.now() - start);

🟢 1. What is Playwright?

🟢 2. Why Playwright over Selenium?

🟢 3. How to install Playwright?

🟢 4. Basic Test Example

🟡 5. What is Auto-Waiting?

🟡 6. What are Locators?

🟡 7. Difference between locator() and page.$()

🟡 8. How to handle dropdowns?

🟡 9. Handling checkboxes

🟡 10. Handling alerts

🔵 11. How to handle multiple tabs?

🔵 12. File upload

🔵 13. File download

🔵 14. What is Page Object Model (POM)?

🔵 15. API Testing in Playwright

🔴 16. How to handle authentication?

🔴 17. Parallel Execution

🔴 18. Retry Failed Tests

🔴 19. How to handle dynamic elements?

🔴 20. Network Interception

🧠 Advanced Scenario-Based Questions

🔥 21. Banking App Login + OTP

🔥 22. E-commerce Add to Cart Flow

🔥 23. Handling Flaky Tests

🔥 24. Multi-user Session (Admin + User)

🔥 25. CI/CD Integration

26. What is Browser Context in Playwright?

🔴 27. Difference between Browser, Context, and Page

🔴 28. How to reuse login session across tests?

🔴 29. How to handle iFrames?

🔴 30. Shadow DOM handling

🔴 31. How to debug Playwright tests?

🔴 32. Trace Viewer in Playwright

🔴 33. How to capture screenshots?

🔴 34. How to record videos?

🔴 35. Handling dynamic waits (best approach)

🔴 36. Soft Assertions in Playwright

🔴 37. Hard vs Soft Assertions

🔴 38. How to run specific test file?

🔴 39. Run tests in headed mode

🔴 40. Environment configuration

🧠 Real-Time Scenario Questions (Very Important)

🔥 41. Scenario: Element is visible but click fails

🔥 42. Scenario: Test passes locally but fails in CI

🔥 43. Scenario: Handling infinite scrolling

🔥 44. Scenario: Validate table data

🔥 45. Scenario: Handling date picker

🔥 46. Scenario: Handling authentication popup

🔥 47. Scenario: Drag and Drop

🔥 48. Scenario: Handling file download validation

🔥 49. Scenario: Validate API response + UI

🔥 50. Scenario: Retry only failed tests

🎯 Advanced Framework Design Questions

🔷 51. How do you design a scalable Playwright framework?

🔷 52. What are fixtures in Playwright?

🔷 53. Data-driven testing

🔷 54. Parallel vs Serial execution

🔷 55. Tags in Playwright

⚠️ Tricky Interview Questions

❓ 56. Why Playwright is faster?

❓ 57. Can Playwright handle multiple browsers at once?

❓ 58. What happens if locator matches multiple elements?

❓ 59. Difference between waitForSelector and locator wait

❓ 60. How do you reduce flakiness?

🔥 61. Scenario: Banking App – Secure Login with Token

🔥 62. Scenario: Bypass CAPTCHA (Important Interview Question)

🔥 63. Scenario: Handling WebSocket Testing

🔥 64. Scenario: Test microservices-based UI

🔥 65. Scenario: Handling flaky network

🔥 66. Scenario: Validate PDF download content

🔥 67. Scenario: Multi-language testing

🔥 68. Scenario: Geo-location testing

🔥 69. Scenario: Timezone testing

🔥 70. Scenario: Testing notifications

🏗️ Framework Architecture Questions (Very Important)

🔷 71. How to design enterprise-level Playwright framework?

🔷 72. How to implement reusable utilities?

🔷 73. Centralized test data management

🔷 74. Logging in Playwright

🔷 75. Reporting tools

🟡 7. Difference between `locator()` and `page.$()`

❓ 59. Difference between `waitForSelector` and locator wait

❓ 91. Difference between `browser.newPage()` and `context.newPage()`

❓ 92. Why avoid `waitForTimeout()`?